16
such as al-Khiraqī. As for Mālik, Abū Hanīfah, Ahmad, the majority of Ahmad’s companions, and all the other leading Muslim scholars, they do not hold that the fay’ should be divided into fifths. The fay’ is whatever is taken from the polytheists without fighting, such as the jizyah and land tax.
A second group of scholars said:
Rather (1), this ascription does not entail that the wealth belongs to the Messenger as his personal property. Instead, it entails that its disposal rests with Allah and the Messenger. The Messenger therefore spends it as Allah commanded him [to do] (2).
It is established in Sahīh al-Bukhārī, on the authority of Abū Hurayrah—may Allah be pleased with him—that the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“By Allah, I neither give to anyone nor withhold from anyone. I am only a distributor, assigning it wherever I am commanded.” (3)
He also said in an authentic hadith:
“Name yourselves (4) after me, but do not adopt (5) my kunyah (honorific name), for I am only a distributor, distributing among you.” (6)
(1) “Rather” is absent from A and B.
(2) N and M: “in accordance with what Allah commanded”; S, R, H, and W: “in accordance with what Allah commanded him.”
(3) This hadith was cited earlier at 2/206, where I noted that the hadith from Abū Hurayrah—may Allah be pleased with him—is recorded in *al-Bukhārī*, 4/85. Its wording there is: “I neither give to you nor withhold from you. I am a distributor, placing things wherever I am commanded.” It is also related from him in *al-Musnad* (al-Halabī edition), 2/482, with the wording: “By Allah, I neither give to you nor withhold from you. I am only a distributor, placing it wherever I am commanded.” Commenting on the hadith in *al-Bukhārī*, Ibn Hajar states in *Fath al-Bārī*, 6/218: “Abū Dāwūd also related it through Hammām, from Abū Hurayrah, with the wording: ‘I am only a custodian.’” Another hadith from Muāwiyah—may Allah be pleased with him—has the wording: “When Allah wills good for someone, He grants him understanding of the religion. I am only a distributor, and Allah gives…”—to the end of the hadith. See also what I stated concerning it in *Dar’ Ta‘ārud al-‘Aql wa-l-Naql*, 8/278 (T [0–9]).
(4) B: *sammū* (“name [others]”).
(5) A and B: *wa-lā taktanū* (“and do not adopt [my *kunyah*]”).
(6) This hadith is related with similar wording from Jābir ibn Abd Allah—may Allah be pleased with him—in *al-Bukhārī*, 4/84–85 (“The Book of the Obligation of the One-Fifth Share,” “Chapter on the Statement of Allah Most High: ‘A fifth thereof belongs to Allah’”), and *Muslim*, 3/1682–1683 (“The Book of Manners,” “Chapter on the Prohibition of Adopting the *Kunyah* Abū al-Qāsim”). It is also transmitted in abbreviated form from Alī, Anas, Jābir, and Abū Hurayrah—may Allah be pleased with them—with the wording: “Name others after me (*sammū*; variant: *tasammaw*), but do not adopt my *kunyah* (*takannaw*; variant: *taktanū*).” There are also hadiths permitting the combination of the name and the *kunyah*. See *al-Bukhārī*, 4/1860 (“The Book of Merits,” “Chapter on the Prophet’s *Kunyah*—may Allah bless him and grant him peace”); *Muslim*, 3/1682–1684 (the preceding reference); *Sunan Abī Dāwūd*, 4/399–401 (“The Book of Manners,” “Chapter on a Man Who Adopts the *Kunyah* Abū al-Qāsim,” “Chapter on Those Who Held That the Two Should Not Be Combined,” and “Chapter on the Concession Permitting Them to Be Combined”); *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 4/214–215 (“The Book of Manners,” “Chapter on Reports Concerning the Dislike of Combining the Name and *Kunyah* of the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace”); *al-Musnad* (al-Ma‘ārif edition), nos. 730, 7371, 7372, and 8094; and *al-Musnad* (al-Halabī edition), 2/455, 3/450, and 5/364.
كَالْخِرَقِيِّ. وَأَمَّا مَالِكٌ وَأَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَأَحْمَدُ وَجُمْهُورُ أَصْحَابِهِ وَسَائِرُ أَئِمَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَلَا يَرَوْنَ تَخْمِيسَ الْفَيْءِ، وَهُوَ مَا أُخِذَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِغَيْرِ قِتَالٍ، كَالْجِزْيَةِ وَالْخَرَاجِ.
وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ ثَانِيَةٌ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ:
بَلْ
(١)
هَذِهِ الْإِضَافَةُ لَا تَقْتَضِي أَنْ تَكُونَ الْأَمْوَالُ مِلْكًا لِلرَّسُولِ، بَلْ تَقْتَضِي أَنْ يَكُونَ أَمْرُهَا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ؛ فَالرَّسُولُ يُنْفِقُهَا فِيمَا أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ
[بِهِ]
(٢)
.
كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي صَحِيحِ الْبُخَارِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - عَنِ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -
أَنَّهُ قَالَ:
"
«إِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لَا أُعْطِي أَحَدًا وَلَا أَمْنَعُ أَحَدًا، وَإِنَّمَا أَنَا قَاسِمٌ أَضَعُ حَيْثُ أُمِرْتُ»
"
(٣)
. .
وَقَالَ أَيْضًا فِي الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ:
" تَسَمَّوْا
(٤)
بِاسْمِي، وَلَا تَكَنَّوْا
(٥)
بِكُنْيَتِي، فَإِنَّمَا أَنَا قَاسِمٌ أَقْسِمُ بَيْنَكُمْ "
(٦)
.
(١) بَلْ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (أ) ، (ب) .
(٢) ن، م: فِيمَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ؛ ص، ر، هـ، و: فِيمَا أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ.
(٣) مَضَى هَذَا الْحَدِيثُ مِنْ قَبْلُ ٢/٢٠٦ وَذَكَرْتُ أَنَّ الْحَدِيثَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٤/٨٥. وَنَصُّهُ فِيهِ: " مَا أُعْطِيكُمْ وَلَا أَمْنَعُكُمْ. أَنَا قَاسِمٌ أَضَعُ حَيْثُ أُمِرْتُ ". وَالْحَدِيثُ عَنْهُ أَيْضًا فِي الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ٢/٤٨٢ وَنَصُّهُ فِيهِ: " وَاللَّهِ مَا أُعْطِيكُمْ وَلَا أَمْنَعُكُمْ، وَإِنَّمَا أَنَا قَاسِمٌ أَضَعُهُ حَيْثُ أُمِرْتُ ". وَقَالَ ابْنُ حَجَرٍ فِي تَعْلِيقِهِ عَلَى حَدِيثِ الْبُخَارِيِّ (فَتْحِ الْبَارِي ٦/٢١٨) : " وَقَدْ أَخْرَجَهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ مِنْ طَرِيقِ هَمَّامٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ بِلَفْظِ: إِنْ أَنَا إِلَّا خَازِنٌ ". وَجَاءَ حَدِيثٌ آخَرُ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - بِلَفْظِ: " مَنْ يُرِدِ اللَّهُ بِهِ خَيْرًا يُفَقِّهْهُ فِي الدِّينِ، وَإِنَّمَا أَنَا قَاسِمٌ وَاللَّهُ يُعْطِي. . الْحَدِيثَ، وَانْظُرْ مَا ذَكَرْتُهُ عَنْهُ فِي " دَرْءِ تَعَارُضِ الْعَقْلِ وَالنَّقْلِ " ٨/٢٧٨ (ت [٠ - ٩] )
(٤) ب: سَمُّوا.
(٥) أ، ب: وَلَا تَكْتَنُوا.
(٦) الْحَدِيثُ بِأَلْفَاظٍ مُقَارِبَةٍ عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٤/٨٤ - ٨٥ (كِتَابُ فَرْضِ الْخُمْسِ، بَابُ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ) ؛ مُسْلِمٍ ٣/١٦٨٢ - ١٦٨٣ (كِتَابُ الْآدَابِ، بَابُ النَّهْيِ عَنِ التَّكَنِّي بِأَبِي الْقَاسِمِ) . وَجَاءَ الْحَدِيثُ مُخْتَصَرًا بِلَفْظِ: " سَمُّوا (أَوْ: تَسَمَّوْا) بِاسْمِي وَلَا تَكَنَّوْا (أَوْ تَكْتَنُوا) بِكُنْيَتِي " عَنْ عَلِيٍّ وَأَنَسٍ وَجَابِرٍ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ -، وَجَاءَتْ أَحَادِيثُ وَفِي جَوَازِ الْجَمْعِ بَيْنَ الِاسْمِ وَالْكُنْيَةِ. انْظُرِ: الْبُخَارِيَّ ٤/١٨٦٠ (كِتَابُ الْمَنَاقِبُ، بَابُ كُنْيَةِ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -) ؛ مُسْلِمًا ٣/١٦٨٢ - ١٦٨٤ (الْمَوْضِعُ السَّابِقُ) ؛ سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٤/٣٩٩ - ٤٠١ (كِتَابُ الْأَدَبِ، بَابٌ فِي الرَّجُلِ يَتَكَنَّى بِأَبِي الْقَاسِمِ، بَابُ مَنْ رَأَى أَنْ لَا يُجْمَعَ بَيْنَهُمَا، بَابٌ فِي الرُّخْصَةِ فِي الْجَمْعِ بَيْنَهُمَا) ؛ سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٤/٢١٤ - ٢١٥ (كِتَابُ الْأَدَبِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي كَرَاهِيَةِ الْجَمْعِ بَيْنَ اسْمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلِيَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكُنْيَتِهِ) ؛ الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) الْأَرْقَامَ: ٧٣٠، ٧٣٧١، ٧٣٧٢، ٨٠٩٤، الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ٢/٤٥٥، ٣/٤٥٠، ٥/٣٦٤.