even though he could not possibly reach her until many years later. Indeed, even if the ruler imprisoned and shackled him from the moment the marriage contract was concluded, placing guards over him for fifty years (1), and he then reached the woman’s country (2) and saw a great many of her children (3), their children (4), and several further generations, they would all be attributed to that man, who had never had intercourse with this woman—or with any other woman whatsoever. They also permitted nabīdh (a fermented drink), although it shares wine’s (5) intoxicating effect; performing ablution with it; praying while clad in dogskin; and praying upon dried excrement (6).

A jurist once demonstrated to a king, in whose presence were some Hanafi jurists (7), the manner of a Hanafi’s prayer (8). He entered a wrongfully appropriated house, performed ablution with nabīdh, pronounced the opening takbīr, and recited in Persian (9) [without forming an intention, reciting nothing in Persian except:

“Both of deepest green.”
[Surah al-Rahmān: 64]] (10), and then lowered