Minhaj as-Sunnah - Ibn Taimiya - (3/299)

Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

This is because] (1) if one of (2) the shared and the particular elements is an accident [of the other, it would follow that necessity is an accident] (3) of the Necessary Existent or a substratum for it. On either assumption, necessity (4) would not be an inseparable attribute of the Necessary Existent. This is impossible, since the Necessary Existent cannot possibly be anything other than necessary.

If, however, one is an inseparable concomitant of the other, the shared element cannot be the cause of the particular element, because wherever a cause exists, its effect exists. It would then follow that wherever the shared element exists, [the particular and shared elements would exist] (5) in each of the two. Consequently, what is particular to either would be present in both, as would what is particular to the other. This is impossible, for it abolishes the very distinction between them.

This summarizes what Ibn Sīnā set forth in his Ishārāt (6), together with the commentators on the Ishārāt, such as al-Rāzī (7), al-Tūsī (8), and others.

These two arguments summarize what was set forth by al-Fārābī (9), al-Suhrawardī (10), and others among the

(1) The text between square brackets is omitted from manuscripts (N) and (M). (2) The phrase “each of” is omitted from manuscripts (A) and (B). (3) The text between square brackets is omitted from manuscripts (N) and (M). (4) “Necessity” is omitted from manuscript (ʿ). (5) The text between square brackets is omitted from manuscripts (N) and (M). (6) See Ibn Sīnā, *al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt*, 3, 4, pp. 456–457. (7) See al-Rāzī, *Sharh al-Ishārāt*, marginal notes to pp. 301 and 303 (Istanbul: al-Matbaʿa al-ʿĀmira, 1290 AH). (8) See al-Tūsī’s commentary in the margins of *al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt*, 3, 4, pp. 456–457. (9) See al-Fārābī, *Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīna al-Fādila*, pp. 4–6 (Cairo: Maktabat al-Husayn al-Tijāriyya, 1368/1948). (10) See al-Suhrawardī, *Hikmat al-Ishrāq*, pp. 125–127, in a collection of al-Suhrawardī’s works, edited by Henry Corbin (Iran, 1331/1952).

وَذَلِكَ] (١) لِأَنَّ كُلًّا مِنَ (٢) الْمُشْتَرَكِ وَالْمُخْتَصِّ إِنْ كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا عَارِضًا [لِلْآخَرِ لَزِمَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْوُجُوبُ عَارِضًا] (٣) لِلْوَاجِبِ أَوْ مَعْرُوضًا لَهُ، وَعَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ فَلَا يَكُونُ الْوُجُوبُ (٤) صِفَةٌ لَازِمَةٌ لِلْوَاجِبِ، وَهَذَا مُحَالٌ؛ لِأَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ لَا يُمْكِنُ أَنْ يَكُونَ غَيْرَ وَاجِبٍ. وَإِنْ كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا لَازِمًا لِلْآخَرِ لَمْ يَجُزْ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمُشْتَرَكُ عِلَّةً لِلْمُخْتَصِّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ حَيْثُ وُجِدَتِ الْعِلَّةُ وُجِدَ الْمَعْلُولُ، فَيَلْزَمُ أَنَّهُ حَيْثُ وُجِدَ الْمُشْتَرَكُ [وُجِدَ الْمُخْتَصُّ وَالْمُشْتَرَكُ] (٥) فِي هَذَا وَهَذَا، فَيَلْزَمُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَا يَخْتَصُّ بِهَذَا فِي هَذَا، وَمَا يَخْتَصُّ بِهَذَا فِي هَذَا، وَهَذَا مُحَالٌ يَرْفَعُ الِاخْتِصَاصَ. وَهَذَا مُلَخَّصُ مَا ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ سِينَا فِي إِشَارَاتِهِ (٦) هُوَ وَشَارِحُو الْإِشَارَاتِ كَالرَّازِيِّ (٧) وَالطُّوسِيِّ (٨) وَغَيْرِهِمَا. وَهَاتَانِ الْحُجَّتَانِ مُلَخَّصُ مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْفَارَابِيُّ (٩) وَالسُّهْرَوَرْدِيُّ (١٠) وَغَيْرُهُمَا مِنَ

(١) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٢) عِبَارَةِ " كُلًّا مِنْ " سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (أ) ، (ب) . (٣) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٤) الْوُجُوبُ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ع) . (٥) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٦) انْظُرِ " الْإِشَارَاتِ وَالتَّنْبِيهَاتِ " لِابْنِ سِينَا ٣، ٤ - ٤٥٦، ٤٥٧. (٧) انْظُرْ: " شَرْحِ الْإِشَارَاتِ " لِلرَّازِيِّ، هَامِشُ ص ٣٠١ هَامِشُ ص ٣٠٣ ط الْمَطْبَعَةِ الْعَامِرَةِ، اسْتَانْبُولَ ١٢٩٠ هـ. (٨) انْظُرْ هَامِشَ الْإِشَارَاتِ وَالتَّنْبِيهَاتِ شَرْحَ الطُّوسِيِّ ٣، ٤ - ٤٥٦، ٤٥٧. (٩) انْظُرْ: " آرَاءِ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ الْفَاضِلَةِ " لِلْفَارَابِيِّ، ص ٤ - ٦، ط مَكْتَبَةِ الْحُسَيْنِ التِّجَارِيَّةَ، الْقَاهِرَةَ ١٣٦٨، ١٩٤٨. (١٠) انْظُرْ كِتَابَ " حِكْمَةِ الْإِشْرَاقِ " لِلسُّهْرَوَرْدِيِّ ص ١٢٥ - ١٢٧ ضِمْنَ مَجْمُوعَةٍ مِنْ مُؤَلَّفَاتِ السُّهْرَوَرْدِيِّ، تَحْقِيقُ هِنْرِي كَرْبِينَ ط إِيرَانَ ١٣٣١، ١٩٥٢.