Minhaj as-Sunnah - Ibn Taimiya - (3/282)

Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

will and power by which it moves, (1) yet the one who brings [this] about anew for it (2) must necessarily be other than it, for it is contingent, not necessary. The temporal events (3) within it cannot arise from it itself, because if it originated (4) the second motion after the first, the fully sufficient determining cause would have to be present when the second occurred. If its complete causal efficacy [with respect to] (5) the second arose after the first had ended, that complete efficacy must have an agent. These people allow what preceded it to be its agent. (6) It must therefore, in every state, have an agent that brings into being that by which it moves. This is unlike the Necessary Existent in Himself, for the acts that subsist in Him cannot proceed from another.

[The philosophers’ polytheism and negation are far graver than the Qadarites’ polytheism and negation]

The polytheism and negation of these philosophers are far graver than the polytheism and negation of the Qadarites. These philosophers make (7) the celestial sphere itself the originator of all the temporal events on earth, thereby attributing to Allah nothing that He brought into being. (8) The Qadarites, by contrast, exclude from His origination only the actions of living beings and what results from them. These philosophers are therefore necessarily committed to negation, since they affirm temporal events without an originator and deny the Lord any role in (9) originating any temporal event; they also affirm a partner that brought all temporal events into being.

(1) Manuscripts (A) and (B): “and the power by which it changes.” (2) “This” is omitted in manuscripts (N) and (M). (3) Manuscripts (A) and (B): “and the temporal events.” (4) “If it occurred”; manuscript (B): “one possessing an event”; manuscripts (N) and (M): “when it brought [it] into being.” (5) “With respect to” is omitted in manuscripts (N) and (M). (6) Manuscripts (N), (M), and (ʿ): “These people allow its agent to be for what preceded.” (7) Manuscripts (N) and (M): “made.” (8) “He brought into being” is omitted in manuscripts (A) and (B). Manuscript (ʿ): “Thus, they did not hold that Allah brought it into being.” (9) Manuscripts (N) and (M): “over.”

الْإِرَادَةِ وَالْقُدْرَةِ مَا يَتَحَرَّكُ بِهِ، (١) لَكِنَّ الْمُجَدِّدَ لَهُ [ذَلِكَ] (٢) لَا بُدَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ غَيْرَهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُمْكِنٌ لَا وَاجِبٌ، فَالْحَوَادِثُ (٣) فِيهِ لَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ تَكُونَ مِنْهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ إِنْ أَحْدَثَ (٤) الثَّانِيَ بَعْدَ الْأَوَّلِ لَزِمَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمُؤَثِّرُ التَّامُّ مَوْجُودًا عِنْدَ الثَّانِي، وَإِنْ كَانَ حَصَلَ لَهُ كَمَالُ التَّأْثِيرِ [فِي] (٥) الثَّانِي بَعْدَ انْقِضَاءِ الْأَوَّلِ فَلَا بُدَّ لِذَلِكَ الْكَمَالِ مِنْ فَاعِلٍ، وَهَؤُلَاءِ يُجَوِّزُونَ أَنْ يَكُونَ فَاعِلُهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ (٦) فَوَجَبَ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ فِي كُلِّ حَالٍ مِنَ الْأَحْوَالِ فَاعِلٌ يُحْدِثُ مَا بِهِ يَتَحَرَّكُ، وَهَذَا بِخِلَافِ الْوَاجِبِ بِنَفْسِهِ، فَإِنَّ مَا يَقُومُ بِهِ مِنَ الْأَفْعَالِ لَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَصْدُرَ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ. [شرك الفلاسفة وَتَعْطِيلُهُمْ أَعْظَمُ بِكَثِيرٍ مِنْ شِرْكِ الْقَدَرِيَّةِ وَتَعْطِيلِهِمْ] وَشِرْكُ هَؤُلَاءِ الْمُتَفَلْسِفَةِ وَتَعْطِيلُهُمْ أَعْظَمُ بِكَثِيرٍ مِنْ شِرْكِ الْقَدَرِيَّةِ وَتَعْطِيلِهِمْ، فَإِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ يَجْعَلُونَ (٧) الْفَلَكَ هُوَ الْمُحْدِثُ لِلْحَوَادِثِ الَّتِي فِي الْأَرْضِ كُلِّهَا، فَلَمْ يَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ شَيْئًا أَحْدَثَهُ، (٨) بِخِلَافِ الْقَدَرِيَّةِ فَإِنَّهُمْ أَخْرَجُوا عَنْ إِحْدَاثِهِ أَفْعَالَ الْحَيَوَانِ وَمَا تَوَلَّدَ عَنْهَا. فَقَدْ لَزِمَهُمُ التَّعْطِيلُ مِنْ إِثْبَاتِ حَوَادِثَ بِلَا مُحْدِثٍ وَتَعْطِيلِ الرَّبِّ عَنْ (٩) إِحْدَاثِ شَيْءٍ مِنَ الْحَوَادِثِ، وَإِثْبَاتِ شَرِيكٍ فَعَلَ جَمِيعَ الْحَوَادِثِ.

(١) أ، ب: وَالْقُوَّةِ مَا يَتَحَوَّلُ بِهِ. (٢) ذَلِكَ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٣) أ، ب: وَالْحَوَادِثُ. (٤) إِذَا حَدَثَ، ب: ذَا حَدَثٍ، ن، م: لَمَّا أَحْدَثَ. (٥) فِي: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٦) ن، م، ع: وَهَؤُلَاءِ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ فَاعِلُهُ لِمَا تَقَدَّمَ. (٧) ن، م: جَعَلُوا. (٨) أَحْدَثَهُ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (أ) ، (ب) ، وَفِي (ع) : فَلَمْ يَجْعَلُوا اللَّهَ أَحْدَثَهُ. (٩) ن، م: عَلَى.