Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

the desired conclusion and establishes the necessity (1) of the effect when the determining factor is present, whether (2) you call this “acting by intrinsic necessity” or not (3). If its existence is not necessary, then its existence is possible, admitting either existence or nonexistence, (4 its existence rather than its nonexistence is possible 4) (4) and it must therefore have a determining factor. And so it proceeds (5) indefinitely: everything posited as admitting existence, but whose existence is not necessary (6), has an existence that is (* possible, admitting either existence or nonexistence; it therefore does not exist until the complete determining factor that intrinsically necessitates (7) its existence is present. It thus becomes clear that everything that exists necessarily exists *) (8) by Allah’s will and power. This is the desired conclusion.

This is the position of a group among the Mu‘tazila (9), such as Abū al-Husayn al-Basrī and others.

One faction of the Qadariyya maintains concerning this issue: When the determining factor is present, the act becomes preponderant for Him, though this preponderance (10) does not reach the level of necessity [as maintained by Mahmūd al-Khwārazmī al-Zamakhsharī and others like him] (11).

(1) Manuscript (M): “existence.” (2) Manuscripts (A), (N), (M), and (ʿ): “and whether.” (3) Manuscripts (A) and (B): “or do not call it [that].” (4) The passage between markers (4–4) is omitted from manuscript (B); manuscript (A) reads: “its existence rather than its nonexistence is possible.” (5) Manuscripts (A), (B), and (ʿ): “and so forth.” (6) Manuscripts (N) and (M): “was not necessary.” (7) The words *bi-l-dhāt* (“intrinsically”) are added in manuscript (ʿ). (8) The passage between the asterisks is omitted from manuscript (M). (9) Manuscripts (N) and (M): “the Qadariyya.” (10) Manuscripts (A) and (B): *al-ulūhiyya* (“divinity”); this is a corrupt reading. (11) The passage in square brackets is omitted from manuscripts (N) and (M). Manuscript (A) reads: “al-Khwārizmī, al-Zamakhsharī, and others like him.” He was Abū al-Qāsim Jār Allāh Mahmūd ibn ʿUmar ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwārizmī al-Zamakhsharī, one of the leading later Muʿtazilites and a scholar of language and Quranic exegesis. He authored *al-Kashshāf*, a work of Quranic exegesis. He was born in 476 AH and died in 538 AH. See his biography in *Wafayāt al-Aʿyān*, 4:254, 260; *Lisān al-Mīzān*, 6:4; *Shadharāt al-Dhahab*, 4:118, 121; *al-ʿIbar*, 4:106; and *al-Aʿlām*, 8:55.
الْمَطْلُوبُ وَتَبَيَّنَ وُجُوبُ (١) الْأَثَرِ عِنْدَ الْمُرَجِّحِ، سَوَاءٌ (٢) سَمَّيْتَ هَذَا مُوجَبًا بِالذَّاتِ أَوْ لَمْ تُسَمِّهِ (٣) ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَجِبْ وُجُودُهُ كَانَ وَجُودُهُ مُمْكِنًا قَابِلًا لِلْوُجُودِ وَالْعَدَمِ، (٤ فَوُجُودُهُ دُونَ عَدَمِهِ مُمْكِنٌ ٤) (٤) فَلَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ مُرَجِّحٍ، وَهَكَذَا هَلُمَّ (٥) جَرًّا، كُلُّ مَا قُدِّرَ قَابِلًا لِلْوُجُودِ وَلَمْ يَجِبْ (٦) وُجُودُهُ كَانَ وَجُودُهُ (* مُمْكِنًا مُحْتَمِلًا لِلْوُجُودِ وَالْعَدَمِ، فَلَا يُوجَدُ حَتَّى يَحْصُلَ الْمُرَجِّحُ التَّامُّ الْمُوجَبُ بِالذَّاتِ (٧) لَوُجُودِهِ، فَتَبَيَّنَ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا وُجِدَ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ وَجُودُهُ *) (٨) بِمَشِيئَةِ اللَّهِ وَقُدْرَتِهِ، وَهُوَ الْمَطْلُوبُ. وَهَذَا قَوْلُ طَائِفَةٍ مِنَ الْمُعْتَزِلَةِ (٩) . كَأَبِي الْحُسَيْنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِ، وَطَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْقَدَرِيَّةِ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ يَقُولُونَ: عِنْدَ وُجُودِ الْمُرَجِّحِ صَارَ الْفِعْلُ أَوْلَى بِهِ، وَلَا تَنْتَهِي الْأَوْلَوِيَّةُ (١٠) إِلَى حَدِّ الْوُجُوبِ [كَمَا يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ مَحْمُودٌ الْخُوَارَزْمِيُّ الزَّمَخْشَرِيُّ وَنَحْوُهُ] (١١)
(١) م: وُجُودُ. (٢) أ، ن، م، ع: وَسَوَاءٌ. (٣) أ، ب: وَلَمْ تُسَمِّ. (٤) (٤ - ٤) سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ب) ، وَفِي أ: دُونَ عَدَمِهِ مُمْكِنٌ. (٥) أ، ب، ع: وَهَلُمَّ. (٦) ن، م: لَمْ يَجِبْ. (٧) بِالذَّاتِ: زِيَادَةٌ فِي (ع) . (٨) مَا بَيْنَ النَّجْمَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (م) . (٩) ن، م: الْقَدَرِيَّةِ (١٠) أ، ب: الْأُلُوهِيَّةُ وَهُوَ تَحْرِيفٌ. (١١) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) ، وَفِي (أ) : الْخُوَارَزْمِيُّ وَالزَّمَخْشَرِيُّ وَنَحْوُهُ. وَهُوَ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ جَارُ اللَّهِ مَحْمُودُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ الْخُوَارَزْمِيُّ الزَّمَخْشَرِيُّ، مِنْ أَئِمَّةِ مُتَأَخِّرِي الْمُعْتَزِلَةِ، وَمِنْ عُلَمَاءِ اللُّغَةِ وَالتَّفْسِيرِ، وَهُوَ صَاحِبُ الْكَشَّافِ فِي التَّفْسِيرِ، وُلِدَ سَنَةَ ٤٧٦ وَتُوُفِّيَ سَنَةَ ٥٣٨. انْظُرْ تَرْجَمَتَهُ فِي: وَفِيَّاتِ الْأَعْيَانِ ٤ - ٢٥٤، ٢٦٠، لِسَانِ الْمِيزَانِ ٦/٤ شَذَرَاتِ الذَّهَبِ ٤ - ١١٨، ١٢١، الْعِبَرِ ٤ - ١٠٦، الْأَعْلَامِ ٨ - ٥٥

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