the Qadariyya (1) is well known from al-Fiqh al-Akbar (2). In that book, he extensively (3) set forth arguments refuting them, to a degree unmatched in his treatment of any other group. His followers unanimously agree that this is indeed (4) his doctrine, and it is the doctrine of the Hanafis who follow him. As for those Muʿtazilites and others who affiliate themselves with him in subsidiary legal matters but depart from him on this issue (5), they cannot (6) attribute this doctrine to him. Rather, in the view of the leading Hanafi authorities whose opinions are relied upon for fatwas, they are condemned and censured as (7) people of religious innovation and misguidance (8). How, then, can it be alleged that Abū Hanīfa approved the doctrine of those who say that Allah did not create the acts of His servants?
Moreover, Mūsā ibn Jaʿfar and all the other scholars of the Prophet’s Household unanimously affirmed divine decree, and reports establishing this from them (9) are widespread and well known. The early Shiʿa likewise unanimously affirmed divine decree and the divine attributes. The denial (10) of divine decree became widespread among them only after they came into contact with the Muʿtazilites during the rule of the Buyids (11).
(1) ʿ reads: “and his discussion of the Qadariyya.”
(2) Mustajī Zāda wrote the following in the margin of ʿ beside this passage: “Some people have claimed that *al-Fiqh al-Akbar* was not written by Abū Hanīfa, but by another man also called Abū Hanīfa. This contradicts the statements of eminent early authorities such as Abū Mansūr Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī and Fakhr al-Islām Ali al-Bazdawī. Ibn Taymiyya, who possessed thoroughly comprehensive knowledge, explicitly affirmed what these early authorities affirmed, even though Abū Mansūr was a Shāfi'ī, Fakhr al-Islām was a Hanafī, and Ibn Taymiyya was a Hanbalī. Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī stated in *al-Tabsira*: ‘The first of the early jurists to refute and invalidate the doctrine of the Mu'tazila was Abū Hanīfa al-Nu'mān, the imam of the Hanafīs.’”
(3) A, B, and M read: “and he set forth at length.”
(4) “It is” is omitted in A, B, and M.
(5) B alone reads: “by this.”
(6) B alone reads: “then he cannot.”
(7) B reads: “counted among”; A reads: “censured as among”; M reads: “wearied by.”
(8) A and B read: “and error.”
(9) A and B read: “from them to that effect”; N reads: “that is from them,” which is a corruption.
(10) ʿ reads: “denial.”
(11) Mustajī Zāda commented at this point: “This is an important passage. I have seen no one engage the Imāmiyya (Imami Shi'a) in scholarly debate as Ibn Taymiyya did—may Allah reward his efforts—for he attained a thorough command of their views, schools, creeds, sects, and earlier and later authorities. One of the later scholars undertook a forceful refutation of the Imāmiyya, but he falls far short of this ocean of learning, this erudite scholar whose knowledge encompassed the doctrines and factions of their earlier and later adherents. Had Ibn Taymiyya not been relatively unversed in the doctrines of the philosophers, he would have attained the utmost comprehensiveness and precision. Perfection, however, belongs to Allah Most High alone. Even so, who can equal him in thorough investigation and breadth of knowledge?”