that are voluntary and [occur] (1) in accordance with our intentions (2) and motives—such as our movement to the right and left, and the forceful movements of the hand and foot (3) in carrying out the tasks we desire—are like involuntary acts, such as the movement of the pulse and the movement of someone falling from a height (4) after another person has caused him to fall. Yet necessity dictates that the two be distinguished, for every rational person judges that we [are capable of voluntary movement] (5), but are incapable of moving up into the sky [by flying or otherwise] (6).
Abū al-Hudhayl al-Allāf said: ‘Bishr’s donkey is more intelligent than Bishr; for if you brought Bishr’s donkey to a small stream and struck it to make it cross (7), it would leap over it (8); but if you brought it to a large stream, it would not leap over it (9), because it distinguishes (10) between what it can leap across (11) and what it cannot (12), whereas Bishr does not distinguish between what is within his power and what is not [within his power] (13).’”
(1) “Occurring” is omitted in N and M.
(2) K reads: “our conception.”
(3) N and M read: “with the foot and the hand.”
(4) A and B read: “the pulse and falling from a height.”
(5) The text within square brackets is omitted in N, M, and Ayn.
(6) The text within square brackets is omitted in N, M, and Ayn.
(7) B alone reads: “for it to cross.”
(8) Ayn and N read: “yuzfiruhu (causes it to prevail),” a scribal error.
(9) Ayn and N read: “yuzfiruhu (causes it to prevail),” a scribal error.
(10) K reads: “because it distinguished.”
(11) Ayn and N read: “zafarihi (attaining it),” a scribal error.
(12) M alone reads: “and what it is unable to attain.”
(13) “Within its power” is added in Ayn. K reads: “and what is beyond its power.” Mustajā Zāda commented on this passage in the margin of Ayn as follows: “This passage may be understood to mean that Bishr al-Marīsī did not agree with the Mu‘tazila concerning human beings’ voluntary acts—namely, that they create and bring those acts into existence. Rather, he held that Allah alone creates them, as in the position of al-Ash‘arī. Regarding the Quran, however, he agreed with the Mu‘tazila that it is created. What is widely reported about him is that he adhered to all the principles of Ahl al-Sunna except this doctrine. The same applies to Dirār, the leader of the Dirāriyya: he followed the principles of Ahl al-Haqq (the adherents of truth), except that he denied the punishment of the grave, like most of the Mu‘tazila. He was therefore associated with the Mu‘tazila because of this doctrine, just as Bishr was associated with them because he held that the Quran was created—even though Abū al-Hudhayl, the leader of the Mu‘tazila, attacked and censured him for departing from his doctrine.”