16
(* and the Literalist jurists—such as Dāwūd ibn Alī and his followers(1)—as well as a group from the Prophet’s Household(2) and the Sufis, do not accept legal analogy *) (3).
Accordingly, if legal analogy is invalid, one can be among [the followers of the Sunnah while abandoning legal analogy; and if it is valid, one can be among](4) Ahl al-Sunnah while adopting legal analogy.
Third:
It may be said that the use of opinion, independent legal reasoning, legal analogy, and juristic preference is better than accepting what someone known for frequent lying transmits from one who is sometimes right and sometimes wrong—an untrustworthy transmission(5) from a speaker who is not infallible. No rational person doubts that the recourse of such men as Mālik, Ibn Abī Dhi'b(6), Ibn al-Mājishūn(7) (8), and al-Awzā'ī(9),
(1) The Zāhiris rejected *qiyās* (legal analogy). Their best-known representative on this issue was Ibn Hazm, who devoted a treatise to it entitled *Mulakhkhas Ibtāl al-Qiyās wa-l-Ra’y wa-l-Istihsān wa-l-Taqlīd wa-l-Ta'līl*, published by Sa'īd al-Afghānī (Damascus, 1379/1960). He also discussed the subject in detail in *al-Ihkām fī Usūl al-Ahkām*.
(2) N and M read: “Ahl al-Hadīth.” The sources cited on the preceding page (T [0–9]) explicitly state that the Shia reject legal analogy. Al-Ghazālī likewise mentions this in *al-Mustasfā*, p. [0–9]62 (Mustafā Muhammad ed., 1356/1937). See also Abū Zahra, *al-Imām al-Sādiq*, p. [0–9]15 ff.
(3) The passage between the two asterisks is absent from B and A.
(4) The passage within square brackets is absent only from N.
(5) N and M read: “not truthful.”
(6) Abū al-Hārith Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Rahmān ibn al-Mughīra ibn al-Hārith ibn Abī Dhi'b al-Qurashī al-Madanī was one of the Successors. Ahmad ibn Hanbal said of him: “He was superior to Mālik, except that Mālik was more rigorous than he in screening narrators.” Ibn Abī Dhi'b was born in 80 and died in 158 or 159. See *Tadhkirat al-Huffāz*, 1/191–193; *Tahdhīb al-Asmā' wa-l-Lughāt*, pt. [0–9], vol. [0–9], pp. [0–9]6–87; *Wafayāt al-A'yān*, 3/323; and *al-A'lām*, 7/61.
(7) 'Abd al-'Azīz ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Abī Salama, Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Mājishūn. His biography appeared previously in vol. 2. And al-Layth ibn Sa'd.
(8) His biography appeared previously, 2/461.
(9) His biography appeared previously, 2/461.
(* وَالْفُقَهَاءُ أَهْلُ الظَّاهِرِ كَدَاوُدَ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ وَأَتْبَاعِهِ (١)
، وَطَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَيْتِ
(٢)
وَالصُّوفِيَّةُ لَا يَقُولُونَ بِالْقِيَاسِ *)
(٣)
.
وَحِينَئِذٍ فَإِنْ كَانَ الْقِيَاسُ بَاطِلًا أَمْكَنَ الدُّخُولُ فِي
[السُّنَّةِ وَتَرْكُ الْقِيَاسِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ حَقًّا أَمْكَنَ الدُّخُولُ فِي]
(٤)
أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ وَالْأَخْذُ بِالْقِيَاسِ.
الثَّالِثُ:
أَنْ يُقَالَ: الْقَوْلُ بِالرَّأْيِ وَالِاجْتِهَادِ وَالْقِيَاسِ وَالِاسْتِحْسَانِ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْأَخْذِ بِمَا يَنْقُلُهُ مَنْ يُعْرَفُ بِكَثْرَةِ الْكَذِبِ عَمَّنْ يُصِيبُ وَيُخْطِئُ نَقْلَ غَيْرِ مُصَدِّقٍ
(٥)
عَنْ قَائِلٍ غَيْرِ مَعْصُومٍ، وَلَا يَشُكُّ عَاقِلٌ أَنَّ رُجُوعَ مِثْلِ مَالِكٍ وَابْنِ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ
(٦)
وَابْنِ الْمَاجِشُونِ
(٧)
(٨)
وَالْأَوْزَاعِيِّ
(٩)
(١) قَالَ الظَّاهِرِيَّةُ بِإِنْكَارِ الْقِيَاسِ، وَأَشْهَرُ مَنْ يُمَثِّلُهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ ابْنُ حَزْمٍ وَقَدْ أَفْرَدَ رِسَالَةً لِهَذَا الْمَوْضُوعِ عُنْوَانُهَا " مُلَخَّصُ إِبْطَالِ الْقِيَاسِ وَالرَّأْيِ وَالِاسْتِحْسَانِ وَالتَّقْلِيدِ وَالتَّعْلِيلِ " نَشَرَهَا الْأُسْتَاذُ سَعِيد الْأَفْغَانِيُّ، دِمَشْقَ ١٣٧٩/١٩٦٠ ; كَمَا تَنَاوَلَ الْمَوْضُوعَ بِالتَّفْصِيلِ فِي كِتَابِهِ " الْإِحْكَامِ فِي أُصُولِ الْأَحْكَامِ ".
(٢) ن، م: أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ: وَتَنُصُّ الْمَرَاجِعُ الَّتِي سَبَقَ ذِكْرُهَا فِي الصَّفْحَةِ السَّابِقَةِ (ت [٠ - ٩] ) عَلَى إِنْكَارِ الشِّيعَةِ لِلْقِيَاسِ، وَهُوَ مَا ذَكَرَهُ أَيْضًا الْغَزَالِيُّ فِي " الْمُسْتَصْفَى "، ص [٠ - ٩] ٦٢ (ط. مُصْطَفَى مُحَمَّد، ١٣٥٦/١٩٣٧) . وَانْظُرِ الْإِمَامَ الصَّادِقَ، لِأَبِي زَهْرَةَ، ص [٠ - ٩] ١٥ وَمَا بَعْدَهَا.
(٣) مَا بَيْنَ النَّجْمَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ب) ، (أ) .
(٤) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) فَقَطْ.
(٥) ن، م: غَيْرِ صِدْقٍ.
(٦) أَبُو الْحَارِثِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْمَدَنِيُّ، تَابِعِيٌّ قَالَ عَنْهُ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَنْبَلٍ: " كَانَ أَفْضَلَ مِنْ مَالِكٍ إِلَّا أَنْ مَالِكًا كَانَ أَشَدَّ تَنْقِيَةً لِلرِّجَالِ مِنْهُ ". وَوُلِدَ ابْنُ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ سَنَةَ ٨٠ وَتُوُفِّيَ سَنَةَ ١٥٨ أَوْ ١٥٩. انْظُرْ تَرْجَمَتَهُ فِي: تَذْكِرَةِ الْحُفَّاظِ ١/١٩١ - ١٩٣ ; تَهْذِيبِ الْأَسْمَاءِ وَاللُّغَاتِ، ق [٠ - ٩] ، ج [٠ - ٩] ، ص [٠ - ٩] ٦ - ٨٧ ; وَفَيَاتِ الْأَعْيَانِ ٣/٣٢٣ ; الْأَعْلَامِ ٧/٦١.
(٧) عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْمَاجِشُونُ، سَبَقَتْ تَرْجَمَتُهُ ٢ وَاللَّيْثِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ
(٨) سَبَقَتْ تَرْجَمَتُهُ ٢/٤٦١.
(٩) سَبَقَتْ تَرْجَمَتُهُ ٢/٤٦١.