differ from this calendar by about five minutes when calculated. In any case, the time for Fajr begins with the appearance of the second dawn—the horizontal whitening—and ends at sunrise.
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Dhuhr extends from the sun’s passing the meridian until an object’s shadow equals its own length, after subtracting the zenith shadow. During winter the sun always casts a slight shadow toward the north; that is irrelevant. What matters is this: as long as the shadow is decreasing, the sun has not yet passed the meridian. Once it increases, even the tiniest amount, the sun has declined. Mark that first moment of increase; when the shadow of an object becomes equal to its height, Dhuhr ends and ʿAsr begins.
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The time for ʿAsr lasts until the sun turns yellow, and in cases of necessity it lasts until sunset.
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Maghrib runs from the setting of the sun until the disappearance of the red twilight. The length of this interval varies: sometimes the red glow vanishes one hour and fifteen minutes after sunset, and at other times one hour and thirty-two minutes. Hence the current practice of calling the ʿIshāʾ adhān one and a half hours after sunset is acceptable.
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ʿIshāʾ lasts from the end of Maghrib time until the middle of the night—that is, calculate the span between sunset and the break of dawn, divide it in half, and the midpoint marks the end of ʿIshāʾ. This yields an important ruling: if a woman becomes pure from menstruation during the last third of the night, she is not obliged to make up Maghrib or ʿIshāʾ, because both times have already passed.