then reconcile them. The command here is addressed to those in authority from among the believers who have not taken part in the fighting. But if one side transgresses against the other and refuses any settlement, then fight the aggressor until it returns to Allah’s command—that is, stand with the just party that has not overstepped the bounds and fight the rebellious faction until it comes back to Allah’s ordinance. If it does return, then set matters right between them with justice—covering whatever lives or property may have been lost, or any other claims. Make peace between them justly and deal equitably, for Allah loves the equitable.
For example, the conciliator may ask one group, “How many people did you kill?” and put the same question to the other; after that, he balances the claims and reconciles the two sides. Or he may ask, “How much property did you destroy?” and proceed in the same manner, equalizing the losses and restoring harmony.
Then Allah, exalted is He, says: “But if it returns, then make peace between them with justice and act equitably; truly Allah loves those who act equitably”—meaning those who administer with fairness whatever Allah has placed under their charge. He also says, “The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your two brothers.” All believers are brothers, even the two factions that have taken up arms; they remain brothers to those who work to reconcile them.
This verse is a clear rebuttal of the Khārijites, who claim that a Muslim becomes a disbeliever by committing a major sin. Surely one of the gravest of major sins is for Muslims to fight one another, yet regarding the combatants and those who mediated between them Allah still declared, “The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your two brothers.”
If Allah has made reconciliation obligatory for those actually engaged in fighting, then it is even more incumbent when the enmity stops short of killing. Whenever a person learns that two people are at odds—harboring hostility, hatred, rancor, and estrangement—he is duty-bound to try to reconcile them.
In such circumstances it is permissible to