and the second is to claim what is not rightfully his.

An example of the first kind: A man owes another one-thousand riyals. The creditor files a suit, and the debtor denies it, saying, “I do not owe you anything.” The creditor had trusted him and therefore has no witnesses. The judge then says to the defendant, “Swear an oath and your liability will be cleared.” The defendant swears, “He has nothing with me,” so the judge rules that the defendant owes nothing. This is outrage in dispute.

The second kind is to claim what is not his. A man comes before the judge and says, “I demand from this fellow one-hundred riyals.” The defendant denies it. The plaintiff says, “I have evidence,” and produces corrupt witnesses who testify that the defendant owes him one-hundred riyals. The judge will rule on the basis of that testimony. If the plaintiff obtains a judgment through false witness, he is one who disputes and behaves outrageously—may Allah protect us. For this reason, one must be extremely cautious in litigation, avoiding lies, trickery, and deceit, for all of these are forms of outrage in dispute.

We ask Allah to purify our hearts and yours from hypocrisy, doubt, polytheism, and ostentation; indeed, He is capable of all things.

1543 – ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ (may Allah be pleased with them) reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “There are four characteristics; whoever possesses all of them is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of them possesses a trait of hypocrisy until he abandons it: when he is entrusted, he betrays; when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a covenant, he breaks it; and when he disputes, he behaves outrageously.” Agreed upon.

Its explanation has already appeared, together with the similar report of Abu Hurayrah, in the chapter on fulfilling covenants.

[Commentary]

We have already discussed two clauses from the hadith of ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ (may Allah be pleased with them) in which the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “There are four characteristics; whoever possesses them is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of them possesses a trait of hypocrisy until he abandons it—when he is entrusted, he betrays, and when he speaks, he lies…”

1544 – Ibn ʿAbbās (may Allah be pleased with them) narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Whoever claims to have dreamed a dream he did not see will be charged on the Day of Resurrection to tie two grains of barley together, and he will never be able to do so. Whoever eavesdrops on a people while they dislike his listening will have molten lead poured into his ears on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever fashions