such-and-such faults—only as much as is needed so that his defect does not become common knowledge among the people. There are many instances of this, and the governing rule is: if you mention something your brother dislikes purely for the sake of sincere advice, there is no wrongdoing.
A widespread but incorrect saying among people is: “Lā ghibata li-fāsiq” (“There is no backbiting of a flagrant sinner”). This is neither a ḥadith nor an acceptable statement. A flagrant sinner enjoys the same protection from backbiting as anyone else—and at times even more. If we bring up his sinful behavior merely to mock and revile him, that is impermissible; but if we do so by way of counsel and warning, there is no blame, and it may even be obligatory. The crucial point is that this phrase is not a ḥadith of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him).
Allah the Exalted says: “And do not backbite one another. Would any of you love to eat the flesh of his dead brother? You would loathe it! So fear Allah; surely Allah is Ever-Relenting, Most Merciful” (Q 49:12). He also says: “And do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge. Indeed, the hearing, the sight, and the heart—each of these shall be questioned about it” (Q 17:36). And He says: “No word does a person utter but that with him is a watcher, ever-ready” (Q 50:18).
Commentary
We have already spoken about the first verse, “And do not backbite one another…” (Q 49:12). As for the second verse—“And do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge…” (Q 17:36)—‘do not pursue’ means: do not follow, concern yourself with, or speak about anything for which you have no knowledge. This prohibition is all-encompassing: in every matter of which you are ignorant, turn away from it and keep silent, for you are liable to fall into error. When the issue relates to what you attribute to Allah and His Messenger, the prohibition is even more severe; it becomes one of the gravest of sins. If, for example, you say, “Allah the Exalted said such-and-such,” while He never said it, or you interpret a verse according to your own whims instead of according to its true meaning, then you have spoken about Allah without knowledge. For this reason