every two calls there is a prayer,” and he repeated it three times. On the third occasion he added, “for anyone who wishes,” so that people would not regard it as an obligatory sunnah.

Consequently, between every pair of calls—that is, between the adhān and the iqāmah—there is a recommended prayer.

• Fajr: the prayer between the adhān and the iqāmah is the well-known regular sunnah.

• Ẓuhr: likewise, the two rakʿahs between the adhān and the iqāmah constitute its regular sunnah.

• ʿAṣr: it has no regular sunnah either before or after it, yet this hadith indicates that when the adhān for ʿAṣr is given one should perform two rakʿahs before the iqāmah.

• Maghrib: there is no regular sunnah before it, but it is recommended to pray two rakʿahs after the adhān. A separate report specifically about Maghrib states, “Pray before Maghrib three rakʿahs,” and on the third time he said, “for anyone who wishes.”

• ʿIshāʾ: similarly, it has no regular sunnah before it, yet the hadith covers it, so one should pray two rakʿahs after the adhān and before the iqāmah.

If the pre-obligatory regular sunnahs are missed, they may be made up afterward. When a prayer has both a sunnah before it and after it, and the one before is missed, one should begin with the post-prayer sunnah and then make up what he missed. For example, if a person enters while the imam is praying Ẓuhr and he has not performed the sunnah of Ẓuhr, then when the obligatory prayer ends he first prays the two rakʿahs that follow Ẓuhr and thereafter makes up the four rakʿahs that precede it.

As for Jumuʿah, Ibn ʿUmar, may Allah be pleased with them both, reported that the Prophet ﷺ used to pray two rakʿahs after it, and it is authentically established that he also instructed people to pray four rakʿahs after it, for he said