by depriving it of food or drink.

Another point is that a rider may let someone sit behind him on the mount, provided the animal can bear the extra weight. If, because of weakness or any similar reason, it cannot, then it is unlawful to overburden it, for these beasts tire just as human beings do. They, too, are composed of flesh, bone, and blood; if a person grows weary when forced to carry what he cannot manage or to do exhausting work, the animal does likewise. For this reason the Prophet ﷺ commanded us to fear Allah with regard to them and not to withhold their rights.

He then quoted the ḥadith of Ibn al-Ḥanẓaliyyah: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would seldom relieve himself except behind a hadaf (a short spear set upright in the ground) or some other screen. One day he entered the orchard of an Anṣārī man and found a camel there. When the camel saw the Prophet ﷺ it came over, groaning, with tears flowing from its eyes, complaining to him about its owner. The Prophet ﷺ asked, “Who is the owner of this camel?” A man of the Anṣār replied, “It is mine, O Messenger of Allah.” The Prophet ﷺ informed him that the camel was complaining that its owner starved it and loaded it with more than it could bear, and he ordered the man to fear Allah concerning it. This was one of the signs of the Prophet ﷺ,