in the Torah and the Gospel: he enjoins them to do what is right, forbids them from what is wrong, makes lawful for them what is wholesome, declares unlawful for them what is foul, and lifts from them the burdens and fetters that had weighed them down. Whenever a dispute arose between them and the polytheists, they would pray for victory over the disbelievers, saying, “A prophet will soon be raised; we shall follow him and, through him, defeat you.” Concerning this Allah-Most High says, “They used to pray for victory over those who disbelieved, yet when there came to them the very one they recognized, they rejected him” (Q 2:89).

In Medina the Jews formed three tribes—Banu Qaynuqāʿ, Banu al-Naḍīr, and Banu Qurayẓa. When the Prophet ﷺ arrived in the city he concluded a pact with all of them, but each tribe broke the agreement. He expelled them in turn, the last being Banu Qurayza; about seven hundred of their men were executed for their treachery on the day of al-Aḥzāb. They then moved to Khaybar. Later the Prophet ﷺ conquered that oasis but allowed them to remain, because they were experienced farmers and the Companions were occupied with matters of greater importance. He set up a share-cropping arrangement with them, saying, “Stay where you are in Khaybar: half of the dates and crops will be yours and half will belong to the Muslims. We shall keep you there as long as Allah wills.” Thus they remained throughout the era