testify that he is one of the people of Paradise. Allah, exalted be He, says that Paradise is “prepared for the God-fearing” (3:133, Āl ʿImrān) and, “Indeed, those who believe and do righteous deeds—they are the best of creation. Their reward with their Lord is Gardens of perpetual residence beneath which rivers flow, wherein they will dwell forever. Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him. That is for whoever stands in awe of his Lord” (98:7-8, al-Bayyinah).
Thus every believer who fears Allah and performs righteous deeds—we bear witness that such a person is destined for Paradise. Yet we do not single anyone out by name, for we do not know how a person’s life will end, nor whether his inner state corresponds to his outward appearance; therefore we do not testify to Paradise for any individual in particular. When a man of well-known virtue dies, we say, “We hope he is among the people of Paradise,” but we do not categorically assert that he is.
The second category comprises those to whom we testify by name—those for whom the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) himself attested that they are in Paradise. They include the ten who were given the glad tidings of Paradise: Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, Saʿīd ibn Zayd, Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf, Ṭalḥah ibn ʿUbayd Allāh, Abū ʿUbaydah ʿĀmir ibn al-Jarāḥ, and al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām—may Allah be pleased with them all.
Also among them are Thābit ibn Qays ibn Shamās, Saʿd ibn Muʿādh, ʿAbd Allah ibn Salām, Bilāl ibn Rabāḥ, and others—may Allah be pleased with them—whom the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) named individually. Concerning these people we attest specifically, saying: We testify that Abū Bakr is in Paradise, ʿUmar is in Paradise, ʿUthmān is in Paradise, ʿAlī is in Paradise, and so on.
Included in this category is the woman about whom Ibn ʿAbbās said to his student ʿAṭāʾ ibn Abī Rabāḥ, “Shall I show you a woman from among the people of Paradise?” I replied, “Yes indeed!” He said, “That black woman over there.”
She was a humble black woman, little regarded in society, who suffered epileptic fits during which her body would become exposed