yet he is not a sheer hypocrite; he merely carries a single trait of hypocrisy until he gives it up. These four traits are:

1. “When he is entrusted, he betrays.”
2. “When he speaks, he lies.” We have already discussed these two statements.
3. The third is: “When he makes a pact, he proves treacherous.” This is close in meaning to the earlier phrase, “When he promises, he breaks his promise,” for it means that if he concludes an agreement with someone, he betrays that person and fails to honor the covenant he made.
4. The fourth is: “When he enters into a dispute, he runs rampant.” Here, “dispute” refers to litigation before a judge or the like. Such rampant wrongdoing (fujūr) in litigation takes two forms:
   a. Claiming what is not rightfully his. For example, a man sues another and tells the judge, “I am owed one thousand riyals by this man,” though he is lying. He swears to the claim and even produces a false witness, so the judge rules in his favor. This man has disputed and run rampant, for he claimed what was not his and swore to it.
   b. Denying what he actually owes. An illustration of this second type is when a person truly owes another one thousand riyals, yet the creditor comes to him