the Muslim community to obey the scholars and to obey the rulers; yet obedience to both groups is conditional upon obedience to Allah. The Exalted says: “O you who believe! Obey Allah, obey the Messenger, and those in authority among you” (Q 4:59). He did not say “and obey those in authority among you,” because obedience to the rulers is dependent, not independent, whereas obedience to Allah and His Messenger stands on its own. For that reason the verb is repeated—“obey Allah and obey the Messenger”—but omitted with respect to the rulers; their obedience is secondary, not autonomous.
Accordingly, if the rulers command an act of disobedience to Allah, there is no hearing and no obedience, for above the rulers stands the Supreme Law-giver, glorified and exalted is He. Whenever they order what contradicts His command, they are not to be listened to or obeyed.
Among the hadiths cited by the compiler (may Allah have mercy on him) is the report of ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar (may Allah be pleased with them both) in which the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said: “A Muslim must listen and obey whether he likes it or dislikes it, so long as he is not commanded to commit sin; but if he is commanded to commit sin, then there is no listening and no obedience.”
His words “A Muslim must” employ an expression that denotes obligation, indicating that, by virtue of his Islam, a Muslim is required to listen to and obey the rulers in matters he likes and in matters he dislikes. Even if he is instructed to do something he detests, he must still carry it out, even though he believes otherwise and loathes implementing it. The duty is to comply—unless he is ordered to disobey Allah. Should such an order come, obedience to Allah takes precedence over every other obedience, for “there is no obedience to any created being when it entails disobedience to the Creator.”
This provides clear evidence of the futility of the position held by those who say, “We will obey the rulers only in what Allah has commanded us”—that is, if they tell us to pray, we will pray; if they order us to pay zakat