he is present; but if he is away, she may fast.
Does the same ruling apply to voluntary prayer? One may hold that it does, so she would not perform supererogatory prayers without his permission; one may also hold that it does not, for the time required for prayer is short, whereas a fast occupies the whole day. A voluntary prayer may be no more than two rakʿahs, and it is already known that he has no say regarding the obligatory prayers.
The stronger view is that prayer is not like fasting: she may pray even while her husband is at home, unless he stops her outright, saying, for example, “I need marital intimacy; do not pray the ḍuḥā (mid-morning) prayer now, and do not offer tahajjud (the night vigil) tonight.”
Still, a husband may not deprive his wife of good deeds unless necessity compels him—namely, if passion overwhelms him and he cannot bear to wait. Otherwise, he should assist her in obeying Allah and in doing good, for he will be rewarded for that just as she is rewarded for her acts of devotion.
As for allowing someone into his house without his permission, the issue is clear: she may not admit anyone unless he allows it. Such permission is of two kinds:
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Customary permission. By prevailing custom a man is presumed to permit the entry of neighbor women, female relatives, friends, colleagues, and the like. She may receive these visitors unless he expressly forbids a particular person, saying, “Do not let so-and-so into the house.” In that case she must comply.
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Explicit permission. He may say to her, “Welcome anyone you wish; there is no blame—except anyone you believe will cause harm, do not admit that person.” In this instance she must observe the condition he has set.