and colossal division among the Muslims. Nothing has ever ruined the Islamic community except people’s disputing authority with those to whom it rightfully belongs. From the time of ʿUthmān—may Allah be pleased with him—until this very day, the single most destructive factor has been challenging the rulers.
He said: “unless you see manifest disbelief for which you possess a clear proof from Allah.” From this statement scholars have derived three conditions; only when all three are met may we challenge the rulers and attempt to remove them from power:
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You must actually see it: certain knowledge is required, and mere conjecture is insufficient to justify rebellion.
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What you see must amount to disbelief, not mere flagrant sin. However immoral the rulers may become—even if they drink wine, commit fornication, or oppress the people—it is still forbidden to revolt against them. Rebellion is permitted only when we witness unequivocal kufr.
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That kufr must be bawāḥ—that is, clear and unmistakable. If the act in question admits any plausible interpretation that would keep it outside the realm of disbelief, it is not permissible to rise against them; we leave them to the offices they hold.
If, however, the disbelief is blatant—such as a ruler declaring to his subjects, “Wine is lawful; drink as you wish. Sodomy is lawful; practise it with whomever you please. Adultery is lawful; commit it with whomever you like”—then this is outright, undeniable kufr. In that case the populace is obliged to remove him by every available means, even if it entails killing him, because such disbelief is manifest and flagrant.