and the Prophet ﷺ said, “Insulting a Muslim is flagrant sin, and fighting him is an act of unbelief.” It is also related from him ﷺ: “The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a promise, he breaks it; and when he is entrusted, he betrays the trust.” Abu Bakr al-Ṣiddīq (Allah be pleased with him) stated, “Falsehood is incompatible with faith.” The same understanding is reported from Ibn ʿAbbās, Abū al-Dardāʾ, Abū Hurayrah, and ʿUqbah ibn ʿĀmir al-Juhanī; and among the Successors, from al-Ḥasan, ʿAṭāʾ, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, and al-Zuhrī; and among the jurists, from al-Awzāʿī, Aḥmad, Isḥāq, and the other scholars mentioned earlier.