the other verses clarify this absolute wording, showing that His guidance has causes that the servant himself undertakes and embodies, as in His statement in al-Ma’idah: “By it Allah guides those who pursue His good pleasure to the paths of peace” (5:16). Likewise, His leading a servant astray has causes that originate with the servant—namely, his siding with Satan. He says in al-A‘raf: “One group He guided, while another group deserved to go astray because they took devils as allies instead of Allah” (7:30); and in al-Saff: “So when they swerved, Allah caused their hearts to swerve” (61:5).
If some verses seem ambiguous to the Jabri determinist who claims that human acts are coerced, the many other verses make the matter plain: Allah has not compelled the servants, their deeds occur by their own choice and power, and He attributes those deeds to them in countless passages.
Conversely, when the verses that attribute good and evil deeds to the servants appear doubtful to the Qadari deniers—leading them to imagine that those deeds lie outside Allah’s decree and predestination, that He neither willed nor ordained them—they are confronted with the many unequivocal verses that encompass Allah’s power over every entity, action, and attribute, and that Allah is the Creator of all things, including the deeds of the servants, and that the servants do not will except that Allah, Lord of the worlds, wills.
Both groups are therefore told: All the verses and texts are true, and every Muslim must affirm and believe in all of them. They do not conflict: the deeds issue from the servants through their own power and volition, while Allah, exalted is He, is their Creator and the Creator of their power and volition.
Whatever is expressed concisely in some verses is explained in others; whatever is unclear in one place is clarified elsewhere. And whatever was already known among the people—about which the Qur’an issues commands or prohibitions, such as prayer, almsgiving, fornication, or oppression—though not set out in detail, is not considered ambiguous, for it directs them to what they already recognize and refers them to what they were already practicing. Hence there is no real difficulty in it at all. Allah knows best.