Rule Sixty: The Qur’an’s Modes of Narrative Instruction
Among the pedagogical principles to which Allah directs us in His Book is that He first compresses an extended story into a few concise words and then unfolds it in detail. Likewise, when presenting matters of great importance, He moves—both in affirming and negating them—from one level to another, whether higher or lower.
This is a highly beneficial rule, for this remarkable style gives the subject powerful impact and fixes the essential lessons in the mind. When a story is first summarized in words that serve as a foundation and point of reference, and is then elaborated, the explanation becomes perfectly clear and complete—an effect difficult to achieve were the lengthy tale told in full from the outset without a prior overview. The summary itself whets one’s appetite for the details that follow.
The Qur’an employs this technique in several places:
• In the story of Joseph, peace be upon him. Allah says, “We relate to you the best of stories” ⦗Yusuf 3⦘, and then proceeds to elaborate: “Indeed, in Joseph and his brothers there are signs for those who ask” ⦗Yusuf 7⦘, after which He narrates the entire episode.
• In the story of the Companions of the Cave. He gives the outline: “Or do you think that the Companions of the Cave and the inscription were among Our wondrous signs? ⦗9⦘ When the youths sought refuge in the cave they said, ‘Our Lord, grant us mercy from Yourself and make our affair rightly guided.’ ⦗10⦘ So We sealed their ears in the cave for a number of years. ⦗11⦘ Then We raised them up to know which of the two parties would best calculate the span they had stayed.” ⦗Al-Kahf 9-12⦘. These few words contain the essence and gist of the story; it is then expanded in His statement, “We shall relate to you their story in truth” ⦗Al-Kahf 13⦘, and the verses that follow until the account is complete.
• Likewise, in the story of Moses. Allah says, “We recite to you part of the story of Moses and Pharaoh in truth for a people who believe” ⦗Al-Qasas 3⦘, up to His words, “…so that they might be on their guard” ⦗Al-Qasas 6⦘, th