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ʿAbd al-Malik then took full control of Iraq in addition to Syria. He sent al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf against Ibn al-Zubayr, laid the well-known siege to him until he was killed, crucified him, and afterwards handed the body over to his mother.
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Al-Ḥusayn’s body was buried where he fell at Karbalāʾ; it was neither exhumed nor mutilated. Consequently, there would have been no reason to withhold his head from his family, just as Ibn al-Zubayr’s body was handed to his kin. And if his relatives had indeed received the head, they would never have forsaken burying it with them in Madinah—near his uncle, his mother, his brother, and close to his grandfather, peace and blessings be upon him—only to inter it in Syria, where at that time no one could defend them against their opponents; in fact, many there detested him and his father. No one would have acted in such a manner.
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As for the domed shrine over al-ʿAbbās (1), it is said that al-Ḥasan lies there with him, together with ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī, and Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad. It is also said that Fāṭimah is beneath the wall—or close by—and that al-Ḥusayn’s head is there as well.
The seventh argument: it has never been known—among Sunnis or Shiʿis alike—that anyone made a pilgrimage to the district of ʿAsqalān for the sake of al-Ḥusayn’s head, or visited it, or came to it, just as people today do not frequent the other sites to which the head is now ascribed, such as the spot in Aleppo.
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Since no one used to frequent those locations or set out for them, whereas they did go to Karbalāʾ because the body is there, this shows that earlier generations did not believe the head to be in any of those places. What they did hold was that the body lay in Karbalāʾ, so much so that people visited it in the time of Aḥmad and thereafter. Indeed, in Aḥmad’s legal questions there are discussions on what a visitor should do at his grave, recorded by Abū Bakr al-Khallāl in his Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr under the heading of visiting shrines.
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None of the scholars has ever reported that people used to visit the site in Syria said to contain the head.