and that He—exalted is He—has always been alone, with nothing besides Him; thereafter He created all things as He willed; that the soul is created, the Throne is created, indeed the whole universe is created. (1)
I say:
The agreement of the early generations and the Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jamāʿah that Allah alone is the Creator of everything is unquestionable; but they never agreed that whoever denied this must be branded an unbeliever.
The Qadariyyah, who claim that the acts of living beings are not created by Allah, have been too numerous to enumerate ever since their doctrine appeared near the end of the Companions’ era. All of the Muʿtazilah are Qadariyyah, as are many of the Shiʿah—indeed the great majority of later Shiʿites—together with many of the Murjiʾah and Khawārij, and even certain circles among the hadith scholars and jurists; some narrators of the two Ṣaḥīḥs were counted among them. Yet the scholars never reached a collective verdict declaring these people disbelievers; in fact, the very author himself stated at the beginning of his book that he does not anathematize them.
The reported position of Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī and Ahmad concerning the Qadariyyah is that when they deny the divine foreknowledge they are unbelievers, but if they affirm it they are not.
Furthermore, in his work al-Millal wa’n-Niḥal he records that the Companions and the leading jurist-imams did not excommunicate someone who erred in a single matter of creed or legal opinion. If, by his phrase “this is what the Muslims have followed,” he intended a general consensus, that is an even stronger statement.
It is evident that his report of consensus here is not based on direct familiarity with the imams’ actual pronouncements. Rather, knowing that the Qur’an affirms Allah as the Creator of everything and that this truth is manifest to the Muslim community, he narrated a consensus on it and then assumed that whoever opposes a consensus is, by another consensus, a disbeliever. His claim therefore rests on two premises, and both are contested.
More astonishing still is his assertion of a consensus declaring anyone who questions the statement that He, glorified be He, “has always been alone, with nothing besides Him, and then created things as He willed,” to be an unbeliever.
Yet such wording occurs neither in the Book of Allah nor in any statement authentically traced to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. What is actually found in the Ṣaḥīḥ is the ḥadīth of ʿImrān ibn Ḥuṣayn —may Allah be pleased with him—reporting that the Prophet ﷺ said: