until it draws close to sunset, and
e) from the time it edges toward the horizon until it actually sets.
These are the five periods.

Some scholars add a sixth: the interval between the first break of dawn and the Fajr prayer itself.

Question: During these times is it only supererogatory (nafl) prayer that is disliked, while an obligatory prayer that needs to be made up may be performed at any of them?

Answer: Yes. An obligatory prayer must be made up as soon as one is able, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Whoever forgets a prayer or sleeps through it, let him perform it when he remembers it; there is no expiation for it other than that.” Therefore an obligatory prayer may be made up at any time; the prohibition applies only to voluntary prayers.

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Passing in front of a worshiper

Question: Is it permissible to pass in front of someone who is praying?

Answer: Passing directly in front of a worshiper is not permissible, because the Prophet ﷺ forbade it and warned of its gravity, saying, “If the one who passes in front of a worshiper knew (the sin involved), it would be better for him to stand for forty than to pass in front of him,” or words to that effect. Hence it is unlawful to pass close in front of a person praying when he has no sutrah, or to pass between him and his sutrah when he is praying toward one. However, if one passes beyond the sutrah there is no harm, for once a barrier the width of a camel’s back-rest is set up in front of the worshiper, passing on the far side of it is unobjectionable.