the remaining Arabs. The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—is from the clan of Hāshim, and Hāshim is a descendant of Ishmael, peace be upon him. His full lineage is Muḥammad son of ʿAbd Allāh son of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. Yet ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib was not his actual name; it was Shaybah. He received the epithet “ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib” because his uncle al-Muṭṭalib b. ʿAbd Manāf brought him from Medina while he was still a child living among his maternal uncles, the Banū al-Najjār. When the people saw him—as darkened by the journey—they assumed he was al-Muṭṭalib’s enslaved servant and said, “This is ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf.” ʿAbd Manāf had four sons: Hāshim—the Prophet’s forefather—al-Muṭṭalib, ʿAbd Shams, and Nawfal.

The descendants of Hāshim are called the Hāshimites, while those of al-Muṭṭalib are known as the Muṭṭalibites. From ʿAbd Shams came ʿUthmān—may Allah be pleased with him—and the Banū Umayyah; these are the offspring of ʿAbd Shams.

Nawfal likewise had descendants, among them Jubayr b. Muṭʿim and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām. As for Abraham, peace be upon him, he had two sons: Ishmael, the elder, who is the ancestor of the Adnānite Arabs, and Isaac, the ancestor of the Children of Israel. All the prophets are from Isaac’s lineage except our Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who descends from Ishmael—the Seal of the Prophets.