for in so doing he is denying Allah and denying His messengers. Such a person is an outright unbeliever, for he has repudiated one of the pillars of faith.

Fourth: Belief in His messengers. This means believing in every messenger, from the first to the last, those whom Allah has named as well as those He has not named. We affirm them all, hold that they were truly sent by Allah, and that they conveyed His message to their nations.

Whoever disbelieves in even a single prophet is a disbeliever in all of the messengers, for the Almighty says: “Indeed, those who disbelieve in Allah and His messengers and seek to make a distinction between Allah and His messengers, saying, ‘We believe in some and disbelieve in others,’ and wish to take a middle course—those are the true disbelievers, and We have prepared for the disbelievers a humiliating punishment. But those who believe in Allah and His messengers and make no distinction between any of them—to them He will soon grant their rewards; and Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.” (Qur’an 4:150–152)

Thus, to reject one prophet or messenger is to reject them all. For this reason Allah said of Noah’s people: “The people of Noah rejected the messengers” (Qur’an 26:105), although they had denied only Noah; their denial of him amounted to a denial of all the messengers. Likewise, anyone who rejects Jesus and Muhammad—as do the Jews—or rejects Muhammad alone—as do the Christians—is a disbeliever in every messenger. Faith must encompass all the messengers, peace be upon them, both those whom Allah has named and those He has not named.