Al-Risālah al-AkmalīyahIbn Taimiya

What they relied upon in their negation—namely, denying what is meant by “occupying space” and similar expressions—is rationally self-contradictory and untenable, quite apart from being a religious innovation found neither in the Book nor the Sunnah, nor in any report from the Companions or the Successors. Anyone who denies something for fear that it would entail that the one described by it is a body may be confronted, regarding what he affirms, with the same argument he uses regarding what he denies, and regarding what he denies, with the same argument he uses regarding what he affirms.

For example, the Mu'tazilites affirmed that He is Living, Knowing, and Powerful, yet said:

“He cannot be described as possessing life, knowledge, power, or other attributes, because these are accidents, and only a body can be described by them; moreover, no bearer of attributes can be conceived except as a body.”

They were answered:

“You have described Him as Living, Knowing, and Powerful, yet nothing can be described as Knowing, Living, and Powerful except a body, and nothing possessing these qualities can be conceived except as a body. Therefore, whatever answer you give concerning the Names is the answer we give concerning the attributes.

“If it is permissible to say, ‘Rather, that which is not a body may be called by these Names,’ it is equally permissible to say, ‘Likewise, that which is not a body may be described by these attributes,’ and to say, ‘These attributes are not accidents.’

“If it is said, ‘The term “body” is [ambiguous] or equivocal, and that which is called by these Names need not resemble anything else or possess the distinctive characteristics of anything else,’ it may likewise be said, ‘That which is described by these attributes need not resemble anything else or possess the distinctive characteristics of anything else.’”

Likewise, when those who deny attributes known through revelation, or through reason together with revelation—such as pleasure, anger, love, joy, and the like—say that such attributes cannot be conceived

والذي اعتمدوا عليه في النفي، من نفي مسمى التحيز ونحوه مع أنه بدعة في الشرع لم يأت به كتاب ولا سنة، ولا أثر عن أحد من الصحابة والتابعين هو متناقض في العقل، لا يستقيم في العقل؛ فإنه ما من أحد ينفي شيئًا خوفًا من كون ذلك يستلزم أن يكون الموصوف به جسمًا، إلا قيل له فيما أثبته نظير ما قاله فيما نفاه، وقيل له فيما نفاه نظير ما يقوله فيما أثبته، كالمعتزلة لما أثبتوا أنه حي عليم قدير؛ وقالوا: إنه لا يوصف بالحياة، والعلم، والقدرة، والصفات؛ لأن هذه أعراض لا يوصف بها إلا ما هو جسم، ولا يعقل موصوف إلا جسم. فقيل لهم: فأنتم وصفتموه بأنه حي عليم قدير، ولا يوصف شىء بأنه عليم حي قدير إلا ما هو جسم، ولا يعقل موصوف بهذه الصفات إلا ما هو جسم، فما كان جوابكم عن الأسماء كان جوابنا عن الصفات، فإن جاز أن يقال: بل يسمى بهذه الأسماء ما ليس بجسم، جاز أن يقال: فكذلك يوصف بهذه الصفات ما ليس بجسم، وأن يقال: هذه الصفات ليست أعراضًا، وإن قيل: لفظ الجسم [مجمل] أو مشترك وأن المسمى بهذه الأسماء لا يجب أن يماثله غيره، ولا أن يثبت له خصائص غيره، جاز أن يقال: الموصوف بهذه الصفات لا يجب أن يماثله غيره، ولا أن يثبت له خصائص غيره. وكذلك إذا قال نفاة الصفات المعلومة بالشرع، أو بالعقل مع الشرع، كالرضا والغضب، والحب، والفرح، ونحو ذلك: هذه الصفات لا تعقل

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