in the mind; reason conceives it within itself, just as it conceives impossibilities whose actual existence—or even possibility of existence—is inconceivable.
Moreover, if it is possible for the Lord Most High to be characterized by attributes of perfection—and whatever is possible for Him is necessary—then it is impossible for Him to be bereft of the attributes of perfection. Thus, to suppose His Essence without the attributes that necessarily and invariably belong to Him is an impossible supposition.
Accordingly, if supposing this to be absent is impossible, both generally and specifically, then the claim, “He would depend upon them, and they would depend upon Him,” is conceivable only with respect to two things, each of which can exist without the other. Since this is impossible here, that supposition is invalid.
It is then said to him: What do you mean by “dependence”? Do you mean that the Essence produces and originates the attributes—or vice versa? Or do you mean mutual inseparability, such that neither exists without the other?
If you mean the dependence of an effect upon its agent, this is false. The Lord does not produce His own necessary attributes. Indeed, no particular act of His or thing brought about by Him is inseparable from Him. How, then, can you deem His attributes to be things He brought about, when His attributes are inseparable from His Essence and are not among the things He brings about? If, however, you mean mutual inseparability, that is true.
It is just as one says: He cannot exist without being eternal and necessary in Himself, nor can He be knowing and powerful without being living. Since His attributes are inseparable from His Essence, this is more expressive of perfection than if separation between them were possible. For if He could exist without the attributes of perfection, perfection would not be necessary for Him but merely possible. He would then depend upon another to possess those attributes, and that is an imperfection impossible for Him, as explained above. It is therefore known that the mutual inseparability of the Essence and the attributes of perfection constitutes the utmost perfection.