those particular individuals; yet this too is untenable, as has been set out in detail elsewhere. It has likewise been shown that the claim that a body is composed of hylē (prime matter) and form is false, just as the claim that it is composed of discrete atoms is false. Most of the kalām schools—Muslim and otherwise—such as the Kullābiyyah, Najjāriyyah, Darrāriyyah, Hishāmiyyah, and many of the Karrāmiyyah, as well as the overwhelming majority of jurists and others, affirm neither of these views.
A full treatment of those who separate existence from quiddity is provided elsewhere; what matters here is to note that the distinction they advance in logic between the quiddity and the existence of that quiddity in the external world rests on this unsound premise.
The sound distinction is that “quiddity” is the image of a thing impressed upon the mind, whereas “existence” is the very being of that thing outside the mind. This is a valid differentiation, for the divide between what is mental and what is extra-mental is established beyond dispute. To posit a reality that is affirmed neither in knowledge nor in external existence, however, is baseless.
It is well known that the word “quiddity” may be used for what is in the mind and for what exists outside it, and that the word “existence” may likewise be applied to both realms. Hence, if both terms are meant for what is in the mind, quiddity and existence are identical; if both are meant for what is outside the mind, they are again identical. Only when one term is taken for the mental realm and the other for the external realm do quiddity and existence differ.
Their discussion amounts merely to affirming a quiddity in the intellect, not in external reality—something no one disputes and from which no benefit accrues. It is simply a report of subjective stipulation and invention, for anyone can fabricate a quiddity in his own mind different from that of another. Should one person claim that the quiddity is “rational animal,” another can respond, “Rather, it is laughing animal.” Likewise, if he asserts that animality is essential to man, whereas numericality is essential to the even and the odd