…events, or that which is not preceded by them, is itself originated; for past events without a first beginning are impossible—an infinite regress of effects.
The philosophers, however, affirm none of this. In their view the Eternal can be the locus of events, and events with no beginning are admissible. For that reason many of their own leading and later figures—such as Abū al-Barakāt—disagreed with them, affirming the divine attributes and the occurrence of events in the Necessary Being. They told their fellow philosophers, “You have no proof for denying these matters; you have merely asserted such a denial out of a sense of tanzīh (exalting Allah’s transcendence) and reverence, without evidence. Yet the Lord cannot be the Disposer of the universe except on the basis of this very doctrine. Thus true exaltation of the Lord requires declaring Him transcendent above your version of ‘transcendence,’ and honoring Him beyond the limits of your supposed ‘honor.’”
Those who answered the philosophers took two approaches: some rejected the first premise, others the second. The first response is that of many Muʿtazilites, of al-Ashʿarī and his followers, and of others who deny the subsistence of events in Allah. They contended that the knowledge that something will be is identical with the knowledge that it already was, and that what is renewed is merely the relation between the knower and the known, not any positive reality.
The second response is that of Hishām, Ibn Karrām, Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Baṣrī, Abū ʿAbd-Allāh Ibn al-Khaṭīb, and many other groups. They maintained that there is no problem in affirming such change; the real difficulty would arise only if one were to claim that He does not know a thing until it occurs. That, they said, would imply prior ignorance and the bringing about of things without knowledge—an untenable position.
Qurʾānic and prophetic proofs for affirming knowledge for Allah, exalted is He:
Most of those who find difficulty with the verses bearing on this matter—such as His saying, “…except that We might know…”—