well-known even to those who disagree with them.
I say:
There are several strands to this discussion.
First Strand:
Examining their distinction between first principles and well-known propositions.
Their criterion is that a first principle is any proposition in which the subject’s connection to the predicate—that is, the attachment of an attribute to the entity that bears it, the ruling to the thing about which it is pronounced, or the report to that about which it is made, just as a predicate is attached to its subject—is established by itself in both mental and external reality. If the attachment needs a middle term, they say, it is no longer a first principle. This distinction, however, is built upon a faulty assumption: that among a thing’s necessary attributes are some that adhere to it in and of themselves, with no intermediary in reality, and others that do not adhere directly but only through a middle that itself is necessary to the subject, while the predicate in question is necessary to that middle.
More than one scholar has put forward this distinction—al-Rāzī, for instance, in his treatment of necessary attributes. Ibn Sīnā does so as well, yet he clarifies that by “middle” he means only the middle term in a syllogism, the part introduced by the particle “because.” That is the proof; and the proof is a middle only in the mind of the reasoner, not in the actual inherence of the attribute in its bearer. One may reason from the effect to the cause just as readily as from the cause to the effect, infer one of two co-effects from the other, deduce the absence of one opposite from the presence of the other, or establish one of two concomitants from the actuality of its companion.
There is no doubt that a thing’s necessary attributes fall into two classes: those whose necessity is obvious to a person and those whose necessity is not obvious and therefore call for proof. Whether something is obvious or not to a person is not a property of the thing itself; rather, it merely reports the person’s state of knowledge and draws his attention—thus it