is narrower than “prohibition.” Now, “prohibition” itself is the ruling, the predicate, the attribute sought by means of the evidence. It is what the logicians call the “major term,” the predicate of the conclusion. Nabīdh, by contrast, is the entity upon which the ruling is passed—the subject about which the statement is made, the locus of the ruling; it is what they call the “minor term,” the subject of the conclusion. Wine is the evidence, the “middle term.” What the evidence is meant to yield is knowledge of the ruling, not knowledge of the thing in itself. Accordingly, this evidence must not be narrower than the locus of the ruling; rather, it must be either co-extensive with that locus or broader than it, for it has to include every instance of that locus, and if it were narrower it would fail to do so.
Nor may it be broader than the ruling; it must be either equal to it or narrower, because the evidence entails the ruling and the ruling is consequent upon it. Were it broader, the evidence could exist without the ruling, and so it would no longer serve as a proof that necessarily entails the ruling. Hence the evidence must be equal to, or narrower than, the ruling so that it entails it, and it must be broader than, or equal to, the subject of the ruling so that it covers every instance of that subject; otherwise it would prove the ruling only for some of its instances.
At this point minds often become confused over the question of evidence: must it not be broader than what it indicates, or must it not be narrower? The confusion arises because “that which is indicated” may refer either to the ruling itself or to the subject of the ruling. If we produce evidence that nabīdh is forbidden, one may say that what is indicated is nabīdh itself; in that case it must not be broader than the evidence, but either co-extensive with it or narrower. Another may say that what is indicated is the ruling—namely, the prohibition of nabīdh—and this ruling must not be narrower than the evidence but either equal to it or broader, for the ruling follows from the evidence and the evidence follows from the subject of the ruling. Therefore the subject of the ruling must entail the evidence so that wherever the subject is found the evidence is found, encompassing it, and it is necessary that—