One therefore attests that those realities belong to the realm of the unseen, whereas these belong to the realm of what is witnessed. The Exalted says: “those who believe in the unseen” (Qur’an 2:3).
Whether a thing is unseen or witnessed is relative to us: when it is hidden from us it is unseen, and when we behold it it becomes part of the witnessed world. The distinction does not mean that its very essence can only be conceived but never beheld or sensed; only that which is conceivable yet can under no circumstance be witnessed remains confined to the mind alone.
Angels can in fact be seen and witnessed, and the Lord—magnified and exalted be He—can be seen with the eyes. The believers will behold Him on the Day of Resurrection and in Paradise, as the mass-transmitted reports from the Prophet ﷺ affirm, and as the early generations and leading scholars of the ummah unanimously agreed.
The possibility of seeing Him is established by conclusive rational proofs, yet not by the argument advanced by a group of speculative theologians such as Abū al-Ḥasan and his followers, who claimed that every existent can be seen and even that the five senses—hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch—can relate to any being whatsoever. Such a claim is, by the unanimous intuition of the vast majority of rational people, patently false.
Errors of the Theologians and the Philosophers
This is one of the errors of certain theologians, comparable to their assertion that accidents cannot persist, that all bodies are identical in nature, and that they are composed of indivisible particles which admit no division and are indistinguishable from one another. All of this is mistaken—just as the philosophers are mistaken when they claim that bodies are compounded of the abstract “matter” and “form.” These questions have been fully dealt with elsewhere.
Equally mistaken is the theologian who alleged that God created nothing for a cause or wisdom, assigned no body any particular forces or inherent natures, and held that every occurrence is produced by a freely choosing Agent who singles out one of two identical possibilities without any determinant whatsoever, while denying what is in