If we already know that the thing signified is sometimes found together with its sign and at other times is absent from it, then to go on and claim that it is always inseparably linked to it would be to unite two contradictory propositions.
This necessary connection—whatever form it may take—is what furnishes a valid proof. The stronger, fuller, and clearer the connection, the stronger, fuller, and clearer the proof, just as created beings point to the Creator—exalted is He. Not a single creature exists save that it is inseparably tied to its Creator; it cannot come into being without His existence, nor without His knowledge, power, will, wisdom, and mercy. Every creature bears witness to all of these.
When the conclusion necessarily follows from the premise, that consequent must be either coextensive with the antecedent or broader than it. Hence the premise will be either equal to the inferred ruling in scope and particularity, or narrower; it is never the broader of the two.
Syllogism, then, is the inference of one universal from another universal for the individuals included under that first universal.
Accordingly, when the logicians say that qiyās infers from the universal to the particular, the “particular” in question is not the ruling deduced but the subject about which the ruling is asserted—the locus of the judgment. That subject may be narrower than the premise or equal to it. The ruling that is predicated of the subject, however, can only be broader than the premise or equal to it, for the ruling is the consequent inseparably linked to the premise, while the premise is inseparably linked to the subject described.
Thus, when one says, “Nabīdh is unlawful because it is wine,” its being wine is the evidence and is inseparable from nabīdh, whereas the prohibition is inseparable from wine.
Likewise, in the two-premise syllogism: “The disputed nabīdh is intoxicating—or is wine—and every intoxicant, or every wine, is unlawful.” Here you have not used the universal “intoxicant” or “wine” as proof for the very subject under dispute, which is narrower than wine, namely nabīdh. Rather, you have employed it to establish the unlawfulness of this nabīdh. Since it was