As for the Necessary Being—blessed and exalted is He—the syllogism they champion establishes nothing that is peculiar to Him; it points only to a generic, universal attribute that He shares with others. For in their view the conclusion of a universal syllogism can deal only with common universals, and such universals are not confined to the Necessary Being, Lord of all worlds, glory be to Him.
Accordingly, their proof has unveiled none of the realities whose perpetual existence must be affirmed, whether with regard to the Necessary or to contingent beings.
Now the soul attains perfection only through knowledge whose object endures as long as that object endures. Because they have not attained any knowledge whose object possesses such permanence, their syllogism has given them none of the knowledge that perfects the soul—let alone the claim that the knowledge which perfects the soul can be obtained only through their syllogistic method.
The Prophets’ Method of Reasoning
For this reason the prophets—may blessings and peace be upon them—reasoned about the Lord, Most High, by invoking His signs. When they did employ analogy (qiyās), they used the analogy of priority (qiyās al-awlā); they never employed a universal syllogism that treats all its instances alike, nor a pure analogy of likeness, for the Lord—exalted is He—has no equal, nor does He and anything else fall beneath a universal concept whose instances stand on the same footing. Rather, whatever perfection unmarred by deficiency is affirmed of another, its affirmation of Him is even more fitting; and whatever imperfections another is declared free from, His transcendence above them is even more certain.
The Analogy of Priority in the Qur’an
Hence the rational, demonstrative analogies mentioned in the Qur’an belong to this very type. They are cited as evidence for His Lordship, His divinity, His oneness, His knowledge, His power, the possibility of resurrection, and other lofty, noble doctrines and divine signposts—the most exalted of sciences and the greatest means by which souls are perfected through knowledge. Yet the perfection of such souls requires the perfection of both their knowledge and their intent together; thus there must be worship of God alone, which embraces knowing Him, loving Him, and humbling oneself before Him.