We reply to him: There are two kinds of division.
- Dividing the universal (kullī) into its particulars, and
- Dividing the whole (kull) into its parts.
The second kind is the one ordinarily meant in practical matters. Thus the jurists speak of the “chapter on division,” where they discuss the partition of inheritance, war-booty, land, and the like. Concerning it the Exalted says,
“And tell them that the water is to be shared between them; each turn of drinking shall be attended.” (Q 54:28)
He also says,
“It has seven gates; for every gate there is an allotted portion.” (Q 15:44)
As for dividing a universal into its particulars, an example would be the statement, “Animal is divided into rational and non-rational,” which is the division of a genus into its species and of a species into its individuals.
For this reason, when the grammarians wished to classify what they were analyzing into noun, verb, and particle, their wording differed. Many of them said, “Speech (kalām) is divided into noun, verb, and particle,” and this is what the early grammarians recorded.
Some later writers on grammatical rules—such as al-Karawlī—objected, arguing: “Whenever a genus is divided into its species or these into their individuals, the higher, divided term must truly apply to those species and individuals; otherwise they are not its divisions.” Consequently, they began to say, “The word (kalima) is divided into noun, verb, and particle,” and, “The word is a genus beneath which fall the species noun, verb, and particle.”
This objection, however, is mistaken. The earlier grammarians were not aiming at the division of a universal into its particulars; rather, they intended the division of a whole into its parts—the kind of division first grasped by both intellect and language. It is like saying, “This land has been parceled out: so-and-so receives this side, and so-and-so that side,” just as the Exalted says,
“And tell them that the water is to be shared between them; each turn of drinking shall be attended.” (Q 54:28)
Likewise, speech is composed of nouns and verbs.