The heretics cast doubts about His words, “Vision cannot encompass Him….”
As for the verse, “Vision cannot encompass Him,” it refers to this world, not to the Hereafter. The proof is that the Jews once said to Moses, “Show us Allah openly,” whereupon the thunderbolt struck them (Q 4:153). They died and were punished for uttering, “Show us Allah openly.” In like manner, the idolaters of Quraysh asked the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—saying, “Or bring Allah and the angels before us face-to-face” (Q 17:93).
When they put this question to the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—Allah Most High said, “Do you wish to question your Messenger as Moses was questioned before?” (Q 2:108), referring to their saying, “Show us Allah openly, and the thunderbolt struck them….”
Thus Allah—glorified be He—revealed, “Vision cannot encompass Him,” meaning that no one will see Him in this world, whereas in the Hereafter they will indeed behold Him. Therefore His statement, “Vision cannot encompass Him,” applies to the life of this world; in the Hereafter they shall see Him. This clarifies the very point that had troubled the heretics.1
(1) Ibn al-Qayyim (may God have mercy on him) said: “The sixth proof is the Almighty’s statement: ‘la tudrikuhu l-absar wa huwa yudriku l-absar’ (Sight perceives Him not, yet He perceives sight; Q 6:103). To invoke this verse as evidence for the deniers of the beatific vision is astonishing, for the verse is actually one of their refutations.
Our teacher (Ibn Taymiyya) clarified its probative force in an excellent and subtle way, and he once told me: ‘I hold that no false claimant can cite a Qurʾanic verse or an authentic hadith for his error without that very proof containing what disproves him. Among such proofs is this verse. It supports the possibility of seeing God more strongly than it supports its negation, because God—exalted be He—utters it as self-praise, and praise is always tied to affirmative attributes; sheer absence is neither perfection nor praiseworthy.
The Lord—glorified be He—is praised by negations only when the negation implies a positive perfection. Thus He praises Himself for lacking slumber and sleep, which implies perfect self-subsistence (qayyumiyya); for lacking death, which implies perfect life; for lacking fatigue, which implies perfect power; for lacking any partner, consort, child, or helper, which implies the perfection of His Lordship, divinity, and dominion; for lacking eating and drinking, which implies perfect self-sufficiency (samadiyya); for disallowing intercession without His leave, which implies His absolute oneness and independence; for lacking injustice, which implies perfect justice, knowledge, and richness; for lacking forgetfulness or that anything escapes His knowledge, which implies perfect knowledge and all-encompassing awareness; and for lacking any likeness, which implies the perfection of His essence and attributes. He never praises Himself with a mere absence that entails no positive perfection, for non-existent things share in such absence, and a perfect being cannot be described by what He shares with pure non-existence.
If, therefore, ‘la tudrikuhu l-absar’ meant that He can never be seen, the verse would convey no praise or perfection, for pure non-existence is likewise unseen. The Majestic Lord is far above being praised with what is common to non-existence. The meaning, rather, is that He will be seen but never fully encompassed or comprehended—just as ‘wa ma yaʿzubu ʿan rabbika min mithqali dharra’ (Nothing, however small, is hidden from your Lord; Q 10:61) affirms His all-encompassing knowledge; ‘wa ma massana min lughub’ (No fatigue touched Us; Q 50:38) points to His perfect power; ‘wa la yazlimu rabbuka ahada’ (Your Lord wrongs no one; Q 18:49) points to His perfect justice; and ‘la taʾkhudhuhu sinatun wa la nawm’ (Neither slumber nor sleep overtakes Him; Q 2:255) points to His perfect self-subsistence.
See Ibn al-Qayyim, Hadi al-Arwah, pp. 207–208; also al-Tabari, Tafsir, 7:299 and 14:191; Ibn Kathir, Tafsir, 2:174 and 4:477.