means they presume will draw them nearer to Allah, whereas in fact they drive them farther away and bring down upon them His displeasure and wrath—indeed, even His curse and punishment. Among such practices is the plea some make to the buried dead among the saints and pious, asking them to satisfy needs that only Allah Himself can fulfil: to ward off harm, heal sickness, provide sustenance, remove infertility, grant victory over an enemy, and the like. They rub themselves against the iron grilles of the shrines and the stones of the graves, shake them, or throw onto them slips of paper on which their requests and desires are written. These are, in their eyes, means sanctioned by the Sharia, yet in reality they are invalid and clash with the greatest foundation of Islam: worshipping Allah alone and singling Him out in every form and branch of devotion.
Another of their notions is to deem a piece of news related by someone to be true if he—or anyone present—happens to sneeze while uttering it.1 They likewise imagine that whenever one of their friends or relatives mentions them favourably