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Reliance in matters that none but Allah can accomplish—such as depending on the dead, the absent, or other false deities to obtain victory, protection, provision, or intercession—is major shirk.
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Reliance upon visible, tangible means—like trusting a ruler, governor, or any living, able person for the generosity or protection that Allah has enabled him to provide—is minor shirk, for it is dependence on a human being.
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The form of reliance that consists in appointing someone to carry out a task he is capable of performing on one’s behalf, such as buying or selling, is permissible. Yet one must not entrust the outcome to that agent; rather, one should rely on Allah to facilitate the matter sought through oneself or one’s deputy. Appointing another person to pursue permissible matters is merely one of the causes, but causes themselves are not to be relied upon. True dependence is on Allah—glorified be He—Who creates the causes and Who unites both cause and effect.
Placing one’s trust in Allah to repel harm, secure provision, and achieve that which only He can do is among the greatest acts of worship, whereas relying on anyone else for such matters is major shirk. Allah the Exalted says, “And put your trust in Allah alone, if you are believers.” 1 He thus commands exclusive reliance on Him; the advance placement of the object restricts the meaning solely to Him. He likewise made tawakkul a condition of faith just as He made it a condition of Islam when He said: “Moses said, ‘O my people, if you have believed in Allah, then rely upon Him alone, if you are truly Muslims.’” 2 This proves that faith and Islam are nullified for anyone who does not rely on Allah or who relies on others in matters that only He can accomplish—such as those who turn to the occupants of graves, mausoleums, and every other idol.
Therefore, tawakkul upon Allah is an obligation that must be rendered purely for Him. It is the most comprehensive form of worship, the loftiest and greatest station of tawḥīd (pure monotheism), because of the many righteous deeds that spring from it.