would declare, “By Allah! Even if they placed the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left, on condition that I give up this mission, I would never abandon it until Allah makes it triumphant or I perish for its sake.”
Revelations continued to descend upon him, calling to this monotheism, rebutting the polytheists’ doubts, and establishing decisive proofs for the falsity of what they practiced.
The Qur’an employs multiple methods in summoning people to tawḥīd al-ulūhiyyah. We shall mention a selection of them:
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His—glorified be He—command to worship Him alone and to forsake the worship of anything else, as in His words, “And worship Allah and do not associate anything with Him” 1, and His saying, “O mankind, worship your Lord who created you and those before you…; so do not set up rivals to Allah while you know” 2.
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His—exalted be He—statement that He created all beings solely to worship Him: “I did not create jinn and humankind except that they should worship Me” 3.
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His information that He sent every messenger with the call to worship Him and the prohibition of worshipping any but Him: “Indeed, We sent to every community a messenger, saying, ‘Worship Allah and shun false gods’” 4.
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His use of His exclusive Lordship, creative power, and governance as evidence for His sole right to be worshipped, as in His words: “O mankind, worship your Lord who created you and those before you…” 5; and, “Do not prostrate to the sun or the moon, but prostrate to Allah who created them” 6; and, “Is the one who creates like one who does not create?” 7.
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His presentation of His unique attributes of perfection—as opposed to the impotence of the polytheists’ deities—as proof that worship is due to Him alone, such as His saying, “So worship Him and remain steadfast in His worship…”