In light of all this, the claim advanced by the theologians and the Sufis is manifestly unsound—namely, that the tawḥīd required of human beings is no more than acknowledging that Allah alone is the Creator and Administrator, and that whoever makes such an acknowledgment is already, in their view, a Muslim. Hence, in the works on creed that they author, they define tawḥīd in terms that apply exclusively to the tawḥīd of rubūbiyya; they will say, for instance, “Tawḥīd is to affirm the existence of Allah and that He is the Creator, the Provider,” and so on, after which they adduce proofs for Lordship-tawḥīd alone.
Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728 AH) said: “Most of the mutakallimūn who set out tawḥīd in the books of kalām and rational discourse limit its import to three kinds, saying: He is One in His Essence, having no partner; One in His attributes, having no peer; and One in His actions, having no associate. The best-known of these three, in their estimation, is the third—tawḥīd al-afʿāl—meaning that the Creator of the universe is One. They argue for this by what they call the ‘proof from mutual hindrance’ and the like, imagining that this is the tawḥīd required, that this is what we mean when we say Lā ilāha illā-Allāh, even interpreting ulūhiyya as mere power to originate creation. Yet it is well known that the pagan Arabs to whom Muhammad ﷺ was first sent did not dispute him on this point; they conceded that Allah is the Creator of everything, and they even affirmed predestination as well—yet they remained polytheists….”
Such are the words of the Shaykh, clearly rebutting anyone who supposes that the tawḥīd demanded from creation is simply to acknowledge the tawḥīd of rubūbiyya.
This is confirmed by His statement: “We certainly sent to every nation a messenger, saying, ‘Worship Allah and shun the false gods’” 1. The messengers did not say to their peoples, “Acknowledge that Allah is the Creator,” for the people already accepted that; rather, they said, “Worship Allah and keep away from the false gods.”
Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya likewise said: “The tawḥīd brought by the messengers consists solely in affirming Allah’s ilāhiyya alone: to bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and that none is worshipped except