with the message. If they refused, the messengers would withdraw and the punishment would come upon them without delay. When Muhammad ﷺ was sent as a mercy to all created beings—as the Most High says, “We have not sent you but as a mercy to the worlds” 1—the immediate chastisement was lifted and the sword was granted, so that some would enter Islam out of awe of the sword and then faith would become firmly rooted in their hearts. They were thus given respite, and hypocrisy appeared: people hid their disbelief while openly professing faith, mingling with the Muslims under cover. When such people died, Allah appointed for them the two interrogators of the grave to expose their hidden state through questioning.
Those who hold this first view cite the Prophet’s words ﷺ, “This ummah will be tested in its graves,” and his statement, “It has been revealed to me that you will be tried in your graves.” These texts clearly single out this ummah, a point reinforced by the angels’ question, “What did you use to say about this man who was sent among you?”
The second opinion is that the questioning in the grave applies both to this ummah and to earlier nations.
Its proponents reply that the proofs offered for the first view do not prove exclusivity. As for the phrase “this ummah,” it may refer to mankind at large—the children of Adam—as in the verse, “There is no creature on earth nor bird that flies with its wings but they are communities like you” 2; every species is called an ummah. Even if the intended meaning is the Prophet’s own community ﷺ, that still does not rule out other nations, for the reports merely inform his ummah that they will be questioned in their graves; they do not deny that others will also be questioned. The same applies to the hadith, “It has been revealed to me that you will be tried in your graves”: it is information, not a negation of questioning for others.
A third opinion is to suspend judgment, for the evidences are open to more than one interpretation and do not decisively prove exclusivity. Allah knows best.