or by necessity of reason. Others have defined it as the perfection of love together with the perfection of submission.1 Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) stated that worship is “a comprehensive term for everything—both inward and outward, in word and deed—that Allah loves and approves of.” This definition is the most precise and inclusive, for the whole of religion falls under worship.
Those who defined it as perfect love coupled with perfect humility did so because complete love, joined to complete abasement, necessarily entails obedience to and compliance with the Beloved. A servant is one whom love and humility have subdued before his Master; accordingly, the degree of his obedience corresponds to the measure of his love for, and his lowliness before, Him. Thus the servant’s love for his Lord and his abasement before Him imply that he will worship Him alone, with no partner whatsoever.
The worship that Allah has commanded therefore contains both humility and love, and it rests on three pillars: love, hope, and fear. All three must be combined; whoever clings to only one of them is not worshipping Allah with complete worship. Worshipping Allah through love alone is the way of the Ṣūfīs; through hope alone, the way of the Murjiʾah; through fear alone, the way of the Khārijites. Love devoid of submission is not worship—a person may love his child or his friend, yet that is not worship. Likewise, submission devoid of love is not worship—one may submit to a ruler or tyrant merely to ward off his harm. For that reason, neither element suffices without the other in worshipping Allah, exalted is He; rather, Allah must be dearer to the servant than everything else, and, in the servant’s eyes, greater than all else.
Worship is the end that Allah loves and is pleased with; it is the very purpose for which He created the jinn and humankind, as He says, “I did not create jinn and humankind except to worship Me” (Q 51:56).2 It is also the reason He sent every messenger, as He says, “Indeed, We have raised within every nation a messenger…”