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Allah’s names and attributes are tawqīfiyyah (solely based on revelation): the early scholars affirm for Allah only what He Himself has affirmed in His Book or what His Messenger has affirmed in the Sunnah, and they never affirm anything on the strength of their own intellects or reflections. Likewise, they negate from Allah only what He has negated of Himself in the Quran or what His Messenger has negated in the Sunnah; they do not rely on personal reasoning for negation either. Thus they do not step outside the Quran and the Sunnah. Concerning matters about which the Quran and Sunnah neither affirm nor deny—such as the notions of accident, body, or substance—they suspend judgement, in deference to this great principle.
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Whatever Allah has described Himself with, or His Messenger ﷺ has described Him with, is true in its plain sense; it contains no riddles or secret codes. Its meaning is known just as the speaker’s intent in ordinary speech is known. Therefore Ahl al-Sunnah affirm both the wording and the meaning of the attributes. None of the descriptions that Allah gave Himself, or that the Messenger ﷺ gave Him, belong to the category of ambiguous texts whose meaning is consigned to Allah alone. To treat the textual evidence on the attributes as incomprehensible would reduce it to a foreign tongue no one understands, whereas Allah has commanded us to ponder the whole Quran and urged us to reflect on it and grasp it. If the passages on the attributes were beyond understanding, this would mean that Allah has ordered us to ponder what cannot be pondered and to believe in what He has not clarified—far exalted is He above such a claim.
Accordingly, the meanings of Allah’s attributes are known and must be believed in, while their modality is unknown to us; only Allah, exalted is He, knows it. For this reason Imam Mālik ibn Anas (d. 179 AH) was asked about the verse, “The Most Merciful rose over the Throne”1—“How did He rise?” He replied, “The rising (istiwaʾ) is known, the how is unknown, believing in it is obligatory, and asking about it is an innovation.”
What Imam Mālik said regarding istiwaʾ is the governing rule for all the attributes, and it is the unanimous position of Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jamāʿah as a whole. Whoever claims that the early generations consigned the meanings of the names and attributes to Allah and classified their texts as part of the ambiguous revelation whose knowledge Allah alone possesses