What is authentically established in the Sunnah—and what the Companions consistently practiced—is to perform voluntary prayer before the adhan and before the time for the congregational prayer actually comes in: a non-restricted supererogatory prayer, bound by neither a particular moment nor a set number of rakʿahs. Whoever seeks a model should follow their guidance, for the best guidance is the guidance of Muhammad, and the worst of affairs are the newly introduced ones; every innovation is misguidance, and every misguidance is in the Fire.

Summary of the treatise

In brief, what is confirmed by the Sunnah and what the righteous early generations (may Allah be pleased with them) adhered to is:

1. One adhan only, to be called when the preacher ascends the pulpit.
2. The adhan is to be proclaimed outside the mosque, from an elevated spot.
3. When the community later needed the additional adhan instituted by ʿUthman, it too was given outside the mosque, wherever it best served the public interest and enabled the call to reach the greatest number of people.
4. Calling the adhan inside the mosque is, in all cases, an innovation, and the Friday prayer has two legitimate times: one before the sun passes the meridian and one after it.