Al-KāfīIbn Abd al-Barr

Chapter: Dispute Between Buyer and Seller Over a Defect

If the purchaser claims that the goods he bought are defective and the seller denies it, the purchaser must produce evidence from people who are competent in such matters. If they testify that the defect is old—that it existed before the transaction and reduces the price—he may return the item.

Defects fall into three categories:

  1. A defect that appears after the sale and could not possibly have been present beforehand. In this case the buyer has no claim; the loss is his, because the defect arose while the goods were in his possession.

  2. A defect that certainly existed before the sale and could not have arisen afterward. Here the buyer may, if he wishes, rescind the sale or keep the item, as set out in the comprehensive chapter on rescission for defects.

  3. A defect that could equally have been present while the goods were with the seller or have arisen while they were with the buyer. In this situation the buyer must prove that the defect was present while the goods were in the seller’s possession and that it affected them at a time earlier than the sale; specialists familiar with the commodity must testify to this. If reliable experts who know that type of merchandise bear witness in his favor, and the defect diminishes the price, he may return the goods, whether they are livestock or anything else. The same applies if the seller himself admits the defect.

If, however, the seller says, “This defect arose while the goods were with the buyer,” and the buyer has no proof, the seller must swear that he sold them free of any defect—or at least free of the particular defect alleged. If the defect is obvious, he takes an unqualified oath; if it is hidden, he swears according to his knowledge—though one opinion requires an unqualified oath in both cases. Should the seller refuse, the buyer then takes the unqualified oath; another view is that he merely swears he does not know the defect to have appeared while the goods were with him, after which he may return them. If the buyer likewise refuses, liability rests with him and no—

باب اختلاف المتبايعين في العيب إذا ادعى المبتاع عيبا بالبيع وأنكر البائع كلف المبتاع البينة عليه من أهل البصر به فان شهدوا انه عيب قديم قبل التبايع ينقص من الثمن رده والعيوب ثلاثة أقسام عيب يحدث بالمبيع بعد البيع ولا يمكن أن يكون قبل أمر البيع فهذا لا قيام فيه للمبتاع ومصيبته منه لأنه حدث عنده وعيب قديم قبل امر التبايع لا يمكن أن يحدث مثله بعد البيع فهذا للمشتري أن يرد به ان شاء أو يمسك على حسب ما ذكرنا في باب جامع الرد بالعيب وعيب يمكن أن يكون مثله قديما عند البائع ويمكن أن يحدث عند المبتاع فإن كان ذلك كلف المشتري البينة على أنه كان ذلك العيب عند البائع وأنه بالمبيع في مدة أقدم من أمد البيع يشهد بذلك أهل المعرفة ان شهد له بذلك عدول من أهل البصر بعيب تلك السلعة وكان ذلك العيب ينقص من الثمن ردها حيوانا كانت السلعة او ما كانت وكذلك لو أقر له البائع ذلك وان قال البائع هذا العيب حدث عند المشتري ولم تكن للمشتري بينة حلف البائع لقد باعه وما به عيب أو ما به ذلك العيب الذي ذكره فإن كان عيبا ظاهرا حلف على البت وان كان عيبا باطنا حلف على العلم وقد قيل انه يحلف على البتات في الوجهين فإن نكل حلف المشتري على البتات وقد قيل أنه يحلف أنه ما يعلم هذا العيب حدث عنده ثم يرد فإن نكل لزمه ولا

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