the meaning of this directive; therefore, they placed under each legal heading everything that shared its rationale, even though they differed in the principles they derived from it, as we have set out in al-Tamhīd.
In brief, the school of Mālik and his companions holds that every edible or drinkable commodity falls into three sections—three distinct types.
The first type consists of items whose predominant trait, wherever they are found, is that they are stored and used as staple food. These include wheat, barley, silt (a variety of barley), sorghum, millet, rice, all kinds of legumes, dates, raisins, and everything else customarily set aside so that it keeps, is relied upon for nourishment in normal circumstances and in times of need, and is eaten with enjoyment.
This type is itself divided into two sub-categories.
- The first comprises items seldom eaten fresh, and then only in negligible amounts that carry no legal weight—such as farīk (green wheat grits) and fresh broad beans, and the like.
- The second comprises items enjoyed both fresh and dried, that store well, and that become a staple when required, such as raisins, dates, and figs. In some lands these serve as the main food of the inhabitants and of those to whom they are exported. A number of Baghdadian Mālikīs—and some of their Andalusian counterparts—have listed figs under this heading; the foundational proofs they all transmit from their school in support of that categorization confirm the soundness of the view, and Allah knows best.
Everything just mentioned shares the same ruling as wheat, barley, and dates: within a single species no excess is allowed, nor may fresh be exchanged for dried. When the two commodities are of different species within this type, excess is permissible, and one may sell the fresh of one for the dried of the other. Nevertheless, no delay, credit, or separation before possession is permissible in any of these transactions, just as in currency exchange.
Thus, when the two items are of the same species, this type is susceptible to usury in two ways—through excess and through deferment. If the two items belong to different species, usury applies only through