—namely, if he wipes his hands before his face; this is even more strongly disliked, and the same point has already been mentioned under wudu. If, however, he were to wipe his face and forearms with a single strike, that would suffice.

Should he limit the wiping to the wrists, the scholars of Medina and Malik’s companions differ: some say nothing further is required, while others say he must repeat the prayer within its time—the settled view of Ibn al-Qasim. A third opinion, attributed to Ibn Nafiʿ, Ibn ʿAbd al-Hakam, and Ibn Sahnun (and the one I prefer), is that he must repeat in every case if he did not wipe up to the elbows.

Tayammum is the same for men and women. A menstruating woman must intend through her tayammum to obtain purity from her menses. Whoever performs tayammum on ritually impure earth must repeat the prayer forever, though another opinion limits the repetition to its time; this disagreement concerns earth whose impurity is not apparent. If the impurity is visible and he nevertheless performs tayammum on it, he must repeat the prayer in any case.

“Clean earth” includes everything that is joined to the ground and forms part of it, even saline soil.